US Department of Energy

General Motors Company, based in Detroit, Michigan, is a leading global automaker engaged in the manufacture and sale of a diverse range of vehicles, including cars, trucks, sedans, crossovers, and hybrid models. The company operates in various markets, including the United States, China, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, and offers its products through a network of dealers and distributors. GM also provides parts and accessories, as well as vehicle safety and information services through its OnStar subsidiary. Following its emergence from bankruptcy in 2009, GM streamlined its brand portfolio and has since regained its market share leadership in the U.S. automotive sector. The company operates under four segments: GM North America, GM International, Cruise, and GM Financial. GM's Cruise division focuses on autonomous vehicle technology and has conducted pilot services in select urban areas. With a strong emphasis on innovation and sustainability, General Motors is committed to advancing mobility solutions while maintaining its position as one of the world's largest automakers.

Bridgestone Americas, a subsidiary of Bridgestone Corporation, is a prominent manufacturer and marketer of tires and rubber products across various sectors. The company specializes in a wide range of products, including original equipment and replacement tires for passenger cars, light trucks, commercial vehicles, agricultural machinery, and motorcycles. In addition to tires, Bridgestone Americas offers tire-centric solutions, retreads, tubes, and air springs, serving diverse markets such as construction, mining, and aviation. Committed to sustainability and social responsibility, the company focuses on innovative mobility solutions that enhance the quality of life for individuals and communities. Bridgestone Americas plays a vital role in shaping the future of mobility while delivering value to customers and contributing to societal well-being.

Solid Power Inc. specializes in the development of solid-state rechargeable batteries that are free from volatile or flammable liquid components. Founded in 2011 and based in Louisville, Colorado, the company focuses on creating batteries for various applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics, aircraft, and satellites. Its solid-state batteries are designed to be energy-dense, safe, and reliable, offering significant improvements in performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Solid Power aims to license its battery cell designs and manufacturing expertise to leading battery manufacturers and automotive original equipment manufacturers, while also selling its proprietary sulfide-based solid electrolyte for use in all-solid-state battery cells.

1PointFive is a platform focused on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration (CCUS), aiming to provide effective solutions for decarbonization and the reduction of CO₂ emissions. The company specializes in direct air capture technology, which enables the extraction of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere, independent of emission sources. By commercializing direct air capture facilities at an industrial scale, 1PointFive supports industries that are challenging to decarbonize, including long-haul trucking, shipping, and aviation. This approach contributes to the broader goal of mitigating climate change and fostering a circular carbon economy.

Free Form Fibers LLC specializes in the development and manufacture of inorganic high-performance fibers using advanced laser-driven chemical vapor deposition technology. The company produces a wide range of filament materials, including silicon carbide, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, and diamond-like carbon, among others. These fibers are designed for various applications such as non-woven filters, catalysts, reinforcement in ceramic and metal matrix composites, and superconducting filaments. Free Form Fibers serves diverse industries, including military and aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy, providing solutions that require heat and chemical resistance. Established in 2006 and based in Saratoga Springs, New York, the company focuses on delivering low-cost, high-performance materials for demanding applications.

Harley-Davidson, Inc. is a prominent motorcycle manufacturer known for its custom, cruiser, and touring motorcycles. The company operates through two main segments: Motorcycles and Related Products and Financial Services. The Motorcycles segment designs, manufactures, and sells a range of on-road motorcycles, along with parts, accessories, and general merchandise, distributing its products through independent dealers and e-commerce channels in various regions including North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. The Financial Services segment offers financing options for motorcycle purchases, including wholesale and retail financing, as well as insurance products and protection plans. This segment also includes specialized financing programs for military members and new riders. Founded in 1903 and headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Harley-Davidson has established itself as a leading brand in the motorcycle industry, with a reputation for quality and performance.

General Motors Company, based in Detroit, Michigan, is a leading global automaker engaged in the manufacture and sale of a diverse range of vehicles, including cars, trucks, sedans, crossovers, and hybrid models. The company operates in various markets, including the United States, China, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, and offers its products through a network of dealers and distributors. GM also provides parts and accessories, as well as vehicle safety and information services through its OnStar subsidiary. Following its emergence from bankruptcy in 2009, GM streamlined its brand portfolio and has since regained its market share leadership in the U.S. automotive sector. The company operates under four segments: GM North America, GM International, Cruise, and GM Financial. GM's Cruise division focuses on autonomous vehicle technology and has conducted pilot services in select urban areas. With a strong emphasis on innovation and sustainability, General Motors is committed to advancing mobility solutions while maintaining its position as one of the world's largest automakers.

Cummins India Limited, established in 1962, is the leading manufacturer of diesel and natural gas engines in the country. As part of the global Cummins Group, it operates through three main business units: Engine, Power Systems, and Distribution. The company designs and manufactures a range of products, including fuel systems, air handling systems, filtration products, emission solutions, and electric power generation systems. Cummins India serves various markets, offering engines for low, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as off-highway equipment in sectors like construction. Its extensive distribution network includes over 600 company-owned and independent distributor locations, along with more than 6,500 dealer locations across more than 190 countries and territories. The company's operations are organized into segments that focus on Engines, Power Generation, Components, and Distribution, with the Engine segment being the primary source of revenue.

Hyundai Mobis is an automotive parts manufacturer that specializes in the development and supply of advanced automotive technology. The company operates through several business segments, including automobile modules, major automobile parts, and aftersales parts. Its automobile modules division produces chassis, cockpit, and front-end modules, while the major automobile parts segment provides essential systems such as safety, braking, steering, lamp, air suspension, audio, and AV navigation systems. Additionally, Hyundai Mobis focuses on enhancing its aftersales parts segment by streamlining logistics and establishing high-tech distribution systems. With a commitment to integrating software and hardware solutions, Hyundai Mobis plays a significant role in the mobility industry.

Senga Engineering manufactures metal and plastic components for the connector industry. They provide precision-machined components to a wide range of companies and industries. The company works with manufacturers and systems integrators as a second or third tier supplier to serve stringent requirements for the medical, aerospace, defense, and automobile industries.

Swift Solar Inc. is a company that designs and manufactures lightweight solar panels and systems, focusing on advanced solar technology. Established in 2017 and headquartered in San Carlos, California, with an additional site in Golden, Colorado, Swift Solar specializes in perovskite solar cells, which are engineered to be more efficient and cost-effective than conventional solar panels. The company’s innovative approach involves creating ultra-thin perovskite films that absorb various parts of the solar spectrum, resulting in high-efficiency tandem solar cells. These cells not only enhance solar conversion efficiency but also provide significant weight advantages, making them suitable for applications in aerospace, automotive, and building sectors. Swift Solar emphasizes domestic manufacturing and utilizes abundant raw materials to ensure scalability in its operations.

Highland Materials technology manufactures the industry's lowest-cost poly silicon and aluminium products for application in solar, battery, automobile, aerospace, and other markets.

Mott is an engineering company specializing in the manufacture of filtration and flow control products for various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and food. With a strong foundation in applied material science and process control, Mott produces a diverse range of products such as process filters, porous components, flow restrictors, gas diffusers, mixers, cartridges, wicks, and fluid mixers. These offerings are designed to enhance industrial applications, providing clients with reliable and efficient solutions for their operational needs.

Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC specializes in manufacturing heavy-duty, zero-emissions engines tailored for mobility applications. The company operates facilities in both the United States and Europe, focusing on clean and efficient fuel cell technology. Nuvera's products serve a diverse range of markets, including on- and off-road vehicles, industrial equipment, port and maritime applications, as well as stationary and portable power solutions. By addressing the demanding requirements of these sectors, Nuvera enables its clients to meet global commercial standards for sustainability and efficiency.

Edscha is a manufacturer of door hinges, convertible roof systems and driver controls for the automotive industry.

UGN is an automotive company that provides manufacturing, research, development, and testing services

Ballard Power Systems Inc. specializes in the design, development, manufacture, sale, and service of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell products. The company offers a diverse range of solutions, including heavy-duty fuel cell modules, backup power systems, and products for material handling and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Ballard operates in three primary segments: Power Generation, which focuses on backup power and residential cogeneration; Automotive, providing fuel-cell solutions for vehicles; and Material Products, which includes carbon fiber and gas diffusion layers for fuel cells. The company's markets span various sectors, including transit buses, automotive, rail, and critical infrastructure, with significant operations in the United States, Europe, and China. Founded in 1979 and headquartered in Burnaby, Canada, Ballard Power Systems is recognized as a leader in the fuel cell industry.

PPG Industries is a leading global supplier of paints, coatings, optical products, specialty materials, chemicals, glass, and fiberglass, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1883, the company operates in over 70 countries and is recognized as the world's largest producer of coatings. PPG serves a diverse range of markets, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and industrial sectors, with a significant portion of its sales coming from outside North America. The company has expanded its portfolio through strategic acquisitions, notably the SigmaKalon Group and AkzoNobel's North American architectural coatings business, which enhanced its capabilities in paint and specialty coatings. PPG is committed to delivering high-quality solutions that meet stringent performance requirements, focusing on technology and innovation to support growth in targeted market segments.

3M is a diversified technology company headquartered in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It manufactures a wide range of products, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, dental and orthodontic items, medical supplies, and electronic materials. The company operates across various sectors, including industrial and transportation, healthcare, safety and security, consumer and office, display and graphics, and electronics and communications. Its industrial and transportation segment serves diverse markets such as appliances, packaging, food and beverage, electronics, and automotive. 3M is also recognized for its innovative technology platforms like nonwoven materials, nanotechnology, and surface modification, which enhance product performance and sustainability. The company is committed to improving community standards of living and supporting initiatives that promote youth development and access to the arts.

Big Blue Technologies focuses on high-temperature thermal processes to enhance the value of minerals and ores, specifically in the production of metals and ceramics. The company is advancing a thermal magnesium metal production process, which is particularly relevant for the automotive industry as it promotes vehicle light-weighting to improve fuel efficiency. In addition to its core technology, Big Blue Technologies provides a range of services, including reactor research, analytical support, and consulting, aimed at helping clients boost operational efficiency, lower costs, and pursue pathways toward net-zero emissions.

Coreform provides simulation software for the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries.

Lyten is an advanced materials company focused on developing low-carbon products and technologies. By capturing carbon from methane, Lyten transforms it into 3D Graphene, a versatile supermaterial that underpins its innovations aimed at decarbonization. The company is working on advanced lithium-sulfur batteries suitable for automotive, aerospace, and defense applications, enhancing electric vehicle performance with improved energy density, safety, and fast charging capabilities. Additionally, Lyten is developing a polymer composite that can reduce plastic usage by up to 50% while maintaining structural integrity and impact resistance. The company is also advancing next-generation sensors designed for automotive, industrial, health, and safety sectors, which boast significantly improved detection sensitivity and selectivity.

United States Advanced Battery Consortium LLC is an organization made up of Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. The Organization is made up to develop a self contained, thermally-managed, lithium-ion battery pack system for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications.

UHV3D automates the design of metal additive manufacturing components for extreme conditions.

Coreform provides simulation software for the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries.

SiLi-ion has developed an “ultra-nano-silicon” powder material that entirely replaces graphite in a lithium-ion battery (LIB). This breakthrough increases the anode’s energy density by over four times and reduces CO2e emissions by 68 kilos for every kilo sold, amounting to a reduction of 50,000 kilos per EV using “ultra-nano-silicon.” As a materials company, SiLi-ion plans to sell this revolutionary material to battery manufacturers. Our platform not only outperforms competitors like Sila Nano, Group14, and OneD but is also less expensive to produce ($/kWh) compared to graphite and synthetic graphite. The material seamlessly integrates into existing LIB manufacturing lines for electric vehicles (EVs) and grid storage applications. Furthermore, it serves as an Inflation Reduction Act critical mineral replacement, enabling battery EV tax breaks for auto OEMs selling in the US.

Reliable Autonomy specializes in delivering dependable and cost-effective autonomous driving solutions for mobile robots and vehicles. The company focuses on assessing the reliability of these systems through services such as uncertainty quantification, building simulations, and conducting control simulations. By offering these comprehensive automation services, Reliable Autonomy aims to facilitate a seamless experience for clients seeking advanced technology solutions in the field of autonomous mobility.

1PointFive is a platform focused on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration (CCUS), aiming to provide effective solutions for decarbonization and the reduction of CO₂ emissions. The company specializes in direct air capture technology, which enables the extraction of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere, independent of emission sources. By commercializing direct air capture facilities at an industrial scale, 1PointFive supports industries that are challenging to decarbonize, including long-haul trucking, shipping, and aviation. This approach contributes to the broader goal of mitigating climate change and fostering a circular carbon economy.

Ford Motor Company is a prominent automobile manufacturer based in Dearborn, Michigan, founded by Henry Ford in 1903. The company produces a diverse range of vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, and tractors, and sells them through dealerships for both retail and fleet customers, including government and rental agencies. In addition to manufacturing, Ford offers various automotive financing products through its subsidiary, Ford Motor Credit Company. These financial services include retail installment sale contracts, direct financing leases for new vehicles, and wholesale loans to dealerships for inventory purchases and facility improvements. Ford also provides insurance products, including coverage for vehicles in transit and extended service contracts. The company is committed to environmental sustainability and has initiated efforts in alternative fuel technologies, including electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles.

BlueOval SK is a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, focused on producing advanced battery cells for the electric vehicle (EV) market. The company aims to establish a comprehensive automotive manufacturing ecosystem by developing high-quality rechargeable batteries specifically tailored for the automotive industry. Through this collaboration, BlueOval SK seeks to enhance the supply chain for EV production and support the growing demand for sustainable transportation solutions.

EnPower, Inc. is a manufacturer of lithium-ion battery cells and packs, primarily focused on applications in electric mobility, including electric vehicles, industrial robotics, and satellites. Founded in 2014 and based in Phoenix, Arizona, the company utilizes patented multi-layer electrode architectures that enhance battery performance by significantly improving charging rates and power output while maintaining service life. This technology addresses the traditional trade-off between energy density and power, allowing for faster charging and higher power generation. EnPower aims to license its scalable technology to automotive original equipment manufacturers and global cell manufacturers, facilitating rapid commercialization in the growing electric vehicle market. The company operates a pilot manufacturing facility capable of producing stacked pouch cells, supporting rapid prototyping and development of advanced battery solutions.

Achiewell is a chemical firm specializing in developing new solutions to unusual issues in the automotive, electronics, and aerospace coatings sectors.

Continuous Solutions specializes in addressing complex challenges within the power, energy, and electric motor sectors. Founded by a team of scientists and researchers from prestigious universities and leading technology firms, the company focuses on manufacturing electric motors, drives, and conversion systems tailored to meet the specific requirements of its clients. Their research and development efforts emphasize design optimization algorithms to enhance product performance. Additionally, Continuous Solutions provides technical services related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and power electronics. By combining in-house capabilities with extensive industry insights, the company aids clients in navigating the development process, currently leading initiatives aimed at advancing electrification in marine technology for naval applications.

HRL Laboratories specializes in the development of innovative technology solutions and conducts research in physical science and engineering. The company focuses on enhancing technologies within the automotive, aerospace, and defense sectors, aiming to improve safety, support national security, and elevate the quality of life. HRL offers a range of services, including commercial MMIC products, open innovation, foundry services, machining services, and custom parts development. As a private entity jointly owned by Boeing and General Motors, HRL is dedicated to pioneering advancements that significantly impact its customers' critical missions.

Coreform provides simulation software for the automotive, marine, and aerospace industries.

Albemarle Corporation is a prominent developer, manufacturer, and marketer of specialty chemicals, serving diverse end markets such as petroleum refining, consumer electronics, plastics, construction, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. The company operates in three main segments: Polymer Solutions, Catalysts, and Fine Chemistry, and has established a global presence with 50 facilities across North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Albemarle is recognized as one of the largest lithium producers in the world, primarily supplying lithium for battery applications, particularly in electric vehicles. Its integrated lithium production includes upstream resources from salt brine deposits and hard rock mines, along with lithium refining plants located in multiple countries. In addition to its lithium operations, Albemarle is a leading producer of bromine, widely used in flame retardants, and oil refining catalysts, catering to approximately 3,000 customers in over 100 countries.

DexMat specializes in the production of Galvorn, a high-performance conductive carbon nanomaterial that surpasses traditional materials in strength, weight, and durability. Galvorn is ten times stronger than steel, half the weight of aluminum, and offers a flex life that is one hundred times greater than copper. This innovative material is designed to replace heavy and environmentally damaging metals across various industries, including sporting goods, e-textiles, electronics, energy, aerospace, and automotive sectors. DexMat manufactures Galvorn as fibers, yarns, films, and fabrics, providing a lightweight and flexible alternative to conventional metals. The company's commitment to sustainability is evident in its carbon-negative production processes, positioning Galvorn as a key player in reducing carbon emissions on a global scale.

AirCapture specializes in direct air capture technology aimed at helping businesses achieve carbon neutrality or negative emissions. The company produces beverage-grade liquid CO2 with low oxygen content, which is utilized as a cleaner alternative to the emissions-intensive raw materials typically used in the production of synthetic fuels, including aircraft fuel, gasoline, and diesel. By developing modular and on-site systems for efficient carbon dioxide capture from the atmosphere, AirCapture supports businesses in their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards more sustainable practices.

BorgWarner is a global product leader in powertrain solutions. They focus on developing leading powertrain technologies that improve fuel economy, emissions and performance. Their facilities are located across the globe in order to provide local support of their diverse customer base.

BorgWarner is a global product leader in powertrain solutions. They focus on developing leading powertrain technologies that improve fuel economy, emissions and performance. Their facilities are located across the globe in order to provide local support of their diverse customer base.

Titan Advanced Energy Solutions (Titan) develops advanced battery management systems for lithium-ion batteries (LiB).Their patented ultrasound technology provides over 99% SoH/SoC accuracy over the life of the battery. The benefits of this dramatically improved accuracy are significant: at least 20% increase in charge capacity and 125% increase in battery life. The technology also provides unprecedented safety monitoring and control, real-time cell level monitoring and balancing. Suitable for automotive, ESS and consumer markets, Titan’s ultrasound ionView™ technology is priced comparably to traditional solutions, while adding significant benefits to manufacturers, integrators, producers and consumers.

American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. (AAM) manufactures, engineers, designs and validates driveline and drivetrain systems and related components and chassis modules for light trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), passenger cars, crossover vehicles and commercial vehicles. Driveline and drivetrain systems include components that transfer power from the transmission and deliver it to the drive wheels. The Company’s driveline, drivetrain and related products include axles, chassis modules, driveshafts, power transfer units, transfer cases, chassis and steering components, driveheads, transmission parts and metal-formed products.

Nikola Motor Company, founded in 2014 and based in Salt Lake City, Utah, is an electric vehicle manufacturer that specializes in developing hydrogen fuel cells, battery electric trucks, and energy solutions. The company aims to transform the transportation industry by introducing innovative technologies focused on zero-emission vehicles. Nikola gained prominence for its plans to create long-haul commercial trucks powered by hydrogen fuel cells, with capabilities for ranges up to 1,200 miles. Additionally, Nikola Motor Company has proposed building a hydrogen refueling infrastructure to support its fleet, reflecting its commitment to sustainability and disruption in the trucking sector. As a subsidiary of Nikola Corporation, the company continues to focus on advancing electric powertrains and promoting environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

Eonix has created the first semi-autonomous materials R&D system, ATLAS-system, that drastically reduces the time and cost to design new materials for lithium ion batteries. This breakthrough process shrinks product development cycles from years to months. Eonix's unique ATLAS-system affords us the opportunity to rapidly design drop-in compatible electrolyte solutions that address the specific market barriers EVs, grid storage, and hybrid defense systems to drive clean tech adoption.

SLIPS Technologies (slipstechnologies.com) is the leader in providing customized solutions for sticky problems in materials. We create highly-repellent slippery surfaces for customers in all industries including: energy, packaging, consumer, automotive and environmental. Our portfolio of pioneering and award-winning technologies and our years of know-how were created at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Inventev specializes in the development of mobile power generation solutions using a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) architecture for medium-duty commercial trucks. The company focuses on integrating advanced propulsion and control technologies into original equipment manufacturer (OEM) trucks, particularly in weight classes 2B to 5, which include vehicles like the F250 to F550 and 2500 to 3500 series. By converting traditional diesel systems to hybrid vehicles, Inventev aims to provide efficient, idle-free power generation for job sites and emergency situations. This innovative approach not only enhances operational efficiency but also offers significant savings in fuel and maintenance costs for customers.

Infinium Metals formerly Metal Oxygen Separation Technologies, Inc. develops technologies for producing metals and oxygen gas directly from metal oxides. The company focuses on developing and scaling the solid oxide membrane (SOM) electrolysis process and related technologies for making metals from their oxide ores. It offers SOM Electrolysis, a low-energy process for making pure metals and magnesium metals. Infinium Metals was formerly known as MOXST LLC. The company was incorporated in 2008 and is based in Natick, Massachusetts.

The Company was founded in 1967 to fabricate fiberglass component parts for various applications including aircraft and kit automobiles. In the early 1970's, the Company designed and manufactured “dune buggies” for recreational enthusiasts. In the late 1970's, our focus shiftedelectrek to the development and manufacture of an all-composite, purpose built, environmentally friendly, battery electric passenger automobile tradenamed the “Electrek.” During the period from 1978 to 1982, over 75 Electreks were manufactured and sold, some of which are still in operation today. During the development of the Electrek, we began to experiment with concepts for a better performing electric motor that was suited for the propulsion of a vehicle including the delivery of high torque and high speed with exceptional energy efficiency. These efforts led to the invention of our patented core permanent magnet motor technology. Since that time, we have developed and patented numerous extensions of this technology including methods of manufacture, methods of electronic control (including switching circuit architecture and phase timing advancement), the packaging of an electro-mechanical brake inside of a motor and a low cost method for accurately sensing rotor position.

Honeywell International is a technology and manufacturing company based in Morristown, New Jersey, founded in 1906. It specializes in providing a wide range of products and services across various sectors, including aerospace, industrial automation, energy and sustainability solutions, and building automation. Honeywell's offerings encompass aerospace products, control technologies for buildings and homes, automotive solutions, turbochargers, and advanced materials. The company is committed to addressing global challenges in safety, security, and energy efficiency, with solutions that benefit transportation, commercial buildings, industrial applications, and residential needs. Honeywell employs approximately 129,000 people globally, including a significant number of engineers and scientists, and is recognized for its focus on quality and technological innovation. Its diverse portfolio reflects a strategic alignment with key growth trends, enabling Honeywell to maintain a strong market presence.

Fisker, Inc. is an electric vehicle design and manufacturing company based in Manhattan Beach, California. Committed to sustainability, Fisker aims to provide eco-friendly mobility solutions that evoke emotional connections with users. The company seeks to revolutionize the automotive industry by focusing on the development of desirable electric vehicles. Fisker’s vision is rooted in the ambition to create a cleaner future through innovative e-mobility services. Historically, Fisker Automotive gained recognition for the Fisker Karma, one of the first luxury plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which debuted in 2008. Although production of the Karma was halted in 2012 due to supplier bankruptcy issues, Fisker continues to advance its mission in the electric vehicle market.

Tesla, Inc. designs, develops, manufactures, and sells electric vehicles and energy generation and storage systems globally, with a significant presence in the United States, China, the Netherlands, and Norway. The company operates in two main segments: Automotive and Energy Generation and Storage. The Automotive segment includes a range of vehicles, such as luxury and midsize sedans, crossover SUVs, and light trucks, alongside electric powertrain components and services. Tesla markets its vehicles through company-owned showrooms and its website. The Energy Generation and Storage segment offers lithium-ion battery systems for residential and commercial use, as well as solar energy products, including solar panels and solar roofs. Additionally, Tesla provides vehicle insurance and operates a fast-charging network. Founded in 2003 and headquartered in Palo Alto, California, Tesla aims to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy and mobility.

Aptiv is a global technology company headquartered in Gillingham, England, focused on developing innovative solutions that enhance safety, sustainability, and connectivity in the automotive sector. The company positions itself as a leader in mobility technologies, offering advanced computing platforms, software capabilities, and networking architecture essential for the future of transportation. Aptiv's operations span 45 countries, encompassing 14 technical centers, manufacturing sites, and customer support centers. The company is organized into two main segments: signal and power solutions, which provide components for vehicle electrical systems, and advanced safety and user experience, which includes body controls, infotainment, and advanced driver-assist technologies. In 2023, Aptiv's top ten customers contributed to a significant portion of its revenue, reflecting its strong relationships with major automotive manufacturers.