Temasek Holdings

Arbor Biotechnologies, Inc., founded in 2016 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, operates as a bio-discovery company in the biotechnology sector. The company focuses on developing genomic tools that enhance human health and sustainability. Utilizing a combination of artificial intelligence, genome sequencing, gene synthesis, and high-throughput screening, Arbor's platform accelerates the discovery of proteins and facilitates human diagnostic development. The technology aggregates genomic sequence data through AI and machine learning, enabling drug developers to replace entire genes and precisely correct mutations. This approach aims to streamline the development of curative treatments for previously incurable genetic diseases, ultimately improving the lives of patients affected by such conditions.

Celestial AI is a prominent artificial intelligence company that provides an advanced platform for users to efficiently create images, text, and presentations. Utilizing cutting-edge computer vision algorithms and natural language processing, the platform produces high-quality visual and textual content. Its intuitive design, combined with innovative features, facilitates easy content creation. Moreover, Celestial AI emphasizes intelligent data integration and prioritizes security, ensuring that users achieve impressive and reliable results.

Loft Orbital Solutions Inc. is a company based in San Francisco, California, that provides comprehensive services for the deployment and operation of customer payloads in space. Established in 2017, Loft Orbital specializes in operating microsatellites and offers an end-to-end solution that includes satellite platform integration, launch booking, and operational management. The company simplifies the satellite deployment process by utilizing a standardized satellite bus and a suite of software tools, thereby reducing costs and accelerating the timeline to orbit. Additionally, Loft Orbital addresses financial and regulatory challenges by providing solutions for licensing, insurance, and financing, allowing customers to concentrate on their mission objectives rather than the technical complexities of satellite engineering.

Eclypsium develops a cloud-based platform that secures the unprotected firmware and hardware layer of enterprises. Its solution safeguards laptops, servers, and networking infrastructure against threats originating below the operating system.

Fortera is a company focused on developing innovative solutions for the cement and concrete industry with the aim of significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It has created a process that captures industrial carbon dioxide emissions and mineralizes them to produce a more environmentally friendly form of concrete. This method not only addresses the substantial carbon footprint associated with traditional concrete production but also offers improved performance characteristics. By providing sustainable alternatives to conventional cement products, Fortera contributes to global efforts to mitigate climate change and enhance the environmental sustainability of construction practices.

Nearfield Instruments B.V. is a company based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, that specializes in the development and manufacture of High-Throughput Scanning Probe Metrology systems for the semiconductor industry. Founded in 2016, Nearfield Instruments focuses on enhancing process control in semiconductor manufacturing by enabling atomic-scale resolution in the analysis of integrated circuits. Their innovative technology allows for detailed scanning of chip surfaces during fabrication, which significantly improves production yields and the functionality of microchips. By offering advanced metrology solutions, Nearfield Instruments contributes to the production of smaller and more efficient electronic devices, marking a notable advancement over traditional metrology methods.

Celestial AI is a prominent artificial intelligence company that provides an advanced platform for users to efficiently create images, text, and presentations. Utilizing cutting-edge computer vision algorithms and natural language processing, the platform produces high-quality visual and textual content. Its intuitive design, combined with innovative features, facilitates easy content creation. Moreover, Celestial AI emphasizes intelligent data integration and prioritizes security, ensuring that users achieve impressive and reliable results.

Skyroot Aerospace is an aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider based in Hyderabad, India. Founded in 2022, the company specializes in developing launch vehicles designed for cost-effective access to space. Skyroot focuses on creating technologies that enable responsive, reliable, and economical spaceflight, aiming to make space access as regular and affordable as air travel. By providing reliable launch services specifically for small satellites, Skyroot seeks to reduce costs and increase launch frequency, thereby facilitating greater opportunities for businesses to engage in space exploration and utilization.

Metropolis is an artificial intelligence and computer vision start-up founded in 2017 and headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The company focuses on modernizing parking solutions and enhancing the future of mobility. Its platform utilizes advanced computer vision technology to create a modern mobility commerce infrastructure that improves revenue generation and lowers operating expenses for real estate partners. By optimizing net operating income, Metropolis enables asset owners to access contemporary parking amenities and a variety of multi-modal mobility options, positioning itself as a key player in the evolving landscape of urban transportation and parking management.

Electric Hydrogen is a company focused on deep decarbonization by developing low-cost, high-efficiency systems for producing fossil-free hydrogen. The company targets industrial sectors such as ammonia and steel production, which contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. By rethinking electrolysis technology from scratch, Electric Hydrogen aims to make clean hydrogen competitive with traditional methods in terms of cost and scale. Their advanced PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) technology uses renewable electricity to generate clean hydrogen gas, reducing industrial pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. The company's leadership team brings extensive experience from pioneering clean energy companies like Tesla and First Solar, positioning Electric Hydrogen as a strong contender in the quest for zero-emission industrial processes.

Founded in 2017, TeraWatt Technology designs and manufactures lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for various electrified applications. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California with a subsidiary in Tokyo, Japan.

Atomberg Technology is a manufacturer of energy-efficient home appliances that integrates advanced motor technology with Internet of Things features to deliver smart, connected appliances. The company focuses on fans, including ceiling fans, pedestal fans, table fans, and wall-mounted models, designed to reduce energy consumption while offering remote operation, timer, sleep, and boost modes. Through its product lineup and smart controls, Atomberg aims to enhance household convenience and sustainability. The devices are designed to provide quiet operation and energy savings, aligning with growing demand for intelligent home solutions. The company sells through stores and online channels, bringing energy-efficient, modern cooling options to consumers.

Foretellix develops a vehicle verification platform and related tools to automate measurable safety verification of automated driving systems, including ADAS and autonomous vehicles. It provides solutions to inspect the smart systems of autonomous vehicles and has developed a language to standardize the description of autonomous vehicle scenarios. The platform automates analytics of safety-related coverage metrics, indicating the percentage of scenarios proven to work across diverse driving situations, enabling scalable verification from development to deployment. The approach adapts coverage-driven verification from semiconductor industries to safety verification, aiming to reduce risk, cost, and time to market. Foretellix was founded in 2010 and is based in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Einride AB, established in 2016, specializes in sustainable freight transportation. Headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, with additional offices in Gothenburg and Palo Alto, the company manufactures electric trucks, known as Einride Pods, for road freight. These vehicles are designed for autonomous operation, reducing emissions and enhancing safety. Einride also offers digital platforms for clients to plan, order, and track shipments, providing real-time data and insights. Notably, Einride became the first company to operate an autonomous, electric freight vehicle on a public road in 2019.

Trigo is a technology company specializing in AI-powered infrastructure for retail stores, focusing on automating the checkout process. Its platform enables grocery retailers to enhance customer experiences through anonymous tracking of shoppers, detection of product interactions, and automatic data classification. By applying deep learning architecture, Trigo facilitates an efficient and seamless checkout experience, allowing retail stores to leverage advanced artificial intelligence technology. This innovation not only streamlines operations but also provides valuable insights into shopper behavior and product engagement.

Epifi Technologies Pvt. Ltd., founded in 2019 and based in Bengaluru, India, operates as a digital bank without physical branches, targeting young millennial workers and digital natives. The company offers a comprehensive range of online and mobile-first financial services, including payment solutions, money transfers, and lending services. By partnering with licensed banks, Epifi creates a secure platform that serves as a primary hub for consumers, enabling them to access co-branded debit cards and integrate their existing financial products into a single mobile banking interface. Utilizing customer insights and advanced technology, Epifi aims to simplify the banking experience and support users in achieving financial freedom.

Whale provides an omnichannel marketing platform that transforms marketing operations, digitalizes store operations and unifies offline & online brand experiences leveraging AI + IoT + Big Data to “Connect Brands with Customer”. Founded in 2017, Whale has since empowered 1000+ global FMCG, F&B, Fashion and Automotive brands including P&G, Unilever, Starbucks, UNIQLO, ARMANI, Watsons, Xiaomi, Midea, Lotus, POP MART etc. with over 150,000 stores across APAC, enabling brands to embrace the full potential of digital transformation. Equipped with AI capabilities, patented ReID technology and enterprise-grade security, Whale platforms comprising of Space Data Platform (SDP), Whale Marketing Cloud (WMC), Whale Open Platform (WOP) and Whale Analytics, serve as the end-to-end digitalization engine that enables brands to seamlessly engage with each customer. Whale is backed by Temasek Holding, NIO Capital, Source Code Capital, Linear Capital, Alpha Commune, BAI Capital and The Jiangmen, with 6 offices across Singapore, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen.

UPSIDE Foods, formerly known as Memphis Meats, is a cultivated meat company founded in 2015 and headquartered in Berkeley, California. The company specializes in producing real meat, poultry, and seafood directly from animal cells, eliminating the need to raise and slaughter animals. This innovative approach significantly reduces the resource consumption associated with traditional meat production, requiring less water, land, and energy. UPSIDE Foods aims to offer consumers clean, humane, and sustainable meat products, such as beef meatballs, chicken, and duck, all grown in controlled environments. The company is led by Dr. Uma Valeti, who is committed to transforming the food industry with healthier and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional meat.

Autobrains develops a visual intelligence platform for safer autonomous driving. Its technology, backed by over 200 patents, uses signature-based representation structures and unsupervised learning to understand vehicle environments comprehensively.

Immutable Systems, founded in 2018 and based in Sydney, Australia, develops video games that integrate blockchain technology to enhance player experience. The company, previously known as Fuel Games, focuses on creating a platform that allows players to own digital assets and engage in secure trading. By utilizing the Ethereum blockchain, Immutable Systems aims to provide scalable infrastructure that promotes transparency in in-game economies, empowering players with greater control over their gaming experiences. The company's innovative approach includes offering tools and services that facilitate the development and management of player-owned assets, fostering a user-friendly environment for both gamers and developers.

FTX is a cryptocurrency exchange company that develops platforms for professional trading firms, offering intuitive interfaces suitable for both experienced traders and beginners. It supports quarterly and perpetual futures for all major cryptocurrencies, leveraged tokens, and OTC derivatives.

eFishery is an aquaculture technology company that develops IoT-based feeding systems and a cloud data platform to help fish and shrimp farmers grow their businesses sustainably. Its automatic feeder uses motion sensors to gauge appetite and determine feed amounts, while a dashboard provides monitoring and insights. The company also offers integrated services spanning farming operations, financing, and distribution, enabling farmers to boost productivity, reduce waste, and improve safety and equity in aquaculture.

SarvaGram Fincare Private Limited is a fintech startup based in Mumbai, India, established in 2018. The company specializes in providing financial services to individuals and small enterprises in rural and semi-urban areas. SarvaGram offers a range of loan products, including gold loans, consumer durable loans, farm loans, and business loans, aimed at enhancing the economic potential of rural households. By utilizing a data science-enabled platform, SarvaGram assesses the financial viability of these households through an in-depth understanding of their cash flow, balance sheets, and diverse income streams. The company focuses on serving underserved communities, facilitating access to credit and productivity enhancement tools, thereby supporting livelihood improvements for aspiring households and small to medium businesses.

Ola Electric Mobility is an Indian company that specializes in electric vehicles (EVs) and their components. Founded on May 26, 2017, by Ankit Jain and Anand Shah, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru. Ola Electric is dedicated to enhancing electric mobility by developing vertically integrated technology and manufacturing capabilities for EVs, including battery packs, motors, and vehicle frames. It operates the Ola Futurefactory, where it produces these core EV components. The company also focuses on leasing electric cars and providing shared daily mobility solutions. Additionally, Ola Electric is building charging and battery swapping networks to ensure convenient and reliable access to electric mobility. As part of its growth strategy, the company aims to capitalize on the electrification of transportation in India and explore export opportunities in select international markets.

The EVERY Company, formerly known as Clara Foods, specializes in producing animal-free proteins for the food and beverage industry. Founded in 2014 and based in South San Francisco, California, the company utilizes advanced fermentation technology to create functional and nutritional proteins derived from microorganisms. Its product line includes baking ingredients, nutritional supplements, and egg white alternatives that are free from pathogens and suitable for various culinary applications, such as cakes and meringues. The EVERY Company aims to provide a sustainable, healthier, and kinder alternative to traditional animal agriculture by decoupling protein production from animals, thereby offering consumers healthy and affordable protein options without added sugars.

Carro is an automotive marketplace that offers a full-stack service for all aspects of car ownership. It challenges the traditional way of buying and selling of cars through a proprietary pricing algorithm. Carro also provides a range of services that offer everything a car owner needs throughout their car ownership journeys such as an in-house financing solution warranty options and Singapore’s first on-demand roadside recovery platform. The company was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in Singapore.

Edge Medical Robotics, Inc. is a Shenzhen, China-based company that specializes in the design and development of advanced surgical equipment. Founded on May 4, 2017, the company is dedicated to researching and promoting cutting-edge smart technologies aimed at enhancing surgical safety and treatment efficacy. By focusing on the pursuit of excellence and refinement in its products, Edge Medical Robotics seeks to elevate health standards and improve overall social health outcomes.

Autobrains develops a visual intelligence platform for safer autonomous driving. Its technology, backed by over 200 patents, uses signature-based representation structures and unsupervised learning to understand vehicle environments comprehensively.

Memed is a digital prescriptions platform for doctors and patients that provides web-based electronic prescribing and database-based smart prescriptions. The platform connects physicians with partners in the healthcare ecosystem and includes social collaboration tools to support treatment planning, communication, and adherence. By simplifying the prescribing process and enabling secure, timely, and proper prescriptions, Memed aims to improve patient outcomes and streamline clinical workflows.

NICK’S is a food tech company that manufactures keto diet-friendly ice cream, snack bars, and ice cream sandwiches. The company creates food products with the goal of revolutionizing the market for healthy snacks and sweets.

Fabric is a technology company that operates an on-demand supply-chain network platform designed for retailers to provide sustainable and rapid delivery services to online customers. Founded in 2015 and based in Tel Aviv, Israel, Fabric utilizes micro-fulfillment centers equipped with robotics and artificial intelligence to automate various processes, including inventory management, order picking, and packing. This innovative approach allows retailers to offer same-day delivery while enhancing customer loyalty and driving revenue. By leveraging advanced software and automation, Fabric not only improves the consumer experience but also enhances operational efficiency and reduces costs for its clients.

Orca Security is a company that specializes in cloud-native security solutions. Founded in 2019 with headquarters in Tel Aviv, Israel, Orca Security offers a platform that secures both cloud-native applications and legacy systems migrated to the cloud without requiring agents. The platform integrates into the cloud infrastructure layer to assess the security state of all discovered assets, including the cloud control plane, operating system, applications, and business data. It provides visibility into compromised resources, vulnerable software, and misconfigurations using read-only access, ensuring no impact on performance or availability. This approach allows IT security teams to avoid agent deployment and network scanning, streamlining the process of maintaining cloud security and compliance across various platforms such as AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and Oracle Cloud.

Momenta is an autonomous driving startup based in Beijing that specializes in developing advanced software solutions for full autonomy in vehicles. The company leverages deep learning technologies for perception, high-definition semantic mapping, and data-driven path planning, providing multi-level autonomous driving solutions alongside big data products and services. Momenta's team includes leading experts in computer vision and deep learning, contributing to the company's innovative approach to autonomous driving. Their technology is designed to enhance driving efficiency and safety, aiming to improve the overall experience for users through artificial intelligence.

Allay Therapeutics is pioneering ultra-sustained pain therapeutics to transform post-surgical pain management. Its proprietary platform combines non-opioid analgesics and biopolymers to create dissolvable therapeutics delivering pain relief within targeted sites over weeks, significantly longer than current treatments. The company's lead product candidate, ATX101, is in Phase 2 clinical trials for total knee replacement surgeries.

Solugen, Inc. is a specialty chemicals company based in Houston, Texas, founded in 2016. It focuses on producing industrial chemicals through the application of biotechnology and green chemistry, specifically utilizing plant-derived substitutes to replace petroleum-based products. The company offers a range of products, including BioPeroxide, a carbon-negative hydrogen peroxide, and BioChelate, a biodegradable chelant. Other offerings include ScavSol, a multivalent metal sequestrant for energy applications, ScaleSol, an alternative to phosphonates for scale control, and CorrSol, which addresses corrosion and fouling. Solugen's innovative approach combines fermentation and petrochemical processing along with advancements in synthetic biology and enzymatic technology, enabling it to create environmentally friendly chemicals from bio-based feedstocks. Its solutions cater to diverse industries such as agriculture, cleaning, energy, and water, contributing to reduced costs and lower carbon emissions while promoting sustainability.

Open Financial Technologies Pvt Ltd, established in 2016 and based in Bengaluru, India, specializes in developing an online platform for banking and intercompany settlement. The company provides digital banking services tailored for startups and small to medium enterprises (SMEs), offering digital bank accounts equipped with tools for bookkeeping, invoicing, money transfers, and credit access. Additionally, Open's application programming interface (API) platform enables financial institutions to integrate banking and payment functionalities into their applications and accounting systems.

Founded in 2013, Oviva specializes in digital behavior change programs for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. Their platform combines smartphone apps and learning portals, supported by dietitian-led coaching, enabling patients to improve their health remotely and reducing healthcare system costs.

Abogen Biosciences, established in 2019 and headquartered in Jiangsu, China, specializes in the development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, including RNA and DNA treatments, for combating cancer and infectious diseases.

Covariant is a developer of artificial intelligence for robotics, focused on creating the Covariant Brain, a universal AI system that empowers robots to perceive, reason, and interact with their environment. The company specializes in AI-based robotics and software, facilitating the deployment of robotics across various operations. Covariant's technology employs advanced techniques such as deep imitation learning, deep reinforcement learning, and meta-learning, allowing users to program robots intuitively. By using a virtual reality headset, clients can guide robots through tasks, simplifying the process of integrating robotics into their workflows.

iCapital Network is a fintech platform for alternative investments and investors. It has transformed the way the wealth management, banking, and asset management industries facilitate access to private markets investments for their high-net-worth clients by providing intuitive, end-to-end technology and service solutions. Wealth management firms use iCapital’s solutions to provide clients with quality funds at lower minimums and simplified digital workflows. Asset managers, RIAs, and banks leverage iCapital’s technology to streamline and scale their alternative investments operational infrastructure. Additionally, the iCapital ‘flagship’ platform offers wealth advisors and their high-net-worth client's access to a curated menu of private equity, private credit, hedge funds, structured investments, and other alternatives to help meet their investing needs for return and diversification. iCapital’s research and diligence team offers robust analysis alongside the firm’s extensive suite of advisor education, compliance, portfolio management, and portfolio analytics tools and services. iCapital has been recognized on the Forbes FinTech 50 list each year from 2018 through 2002, the Forbes America’s Best Startup Employers in 2021 and 2022, and MMI/Barron’s Industry Awards as Solutions Provider of the Year in 2020 and 2021. As of May 31, 2022, iCapital services more than US$130 billion in global client assets, of which more than US$30 billion are from international investors (non-US Domestic), across more than 1,035 funds. Employing more than 800 people globally, iCapital is headquartered in NYC and has offices worldwide including in Zurich, London, Lisbon, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Toronto.

Soldo Limited is a company that specializes in developing expense management software solutions tailored for small businesses, enterprises, and accountants. It offers a range of products, including Soldo Pro, which manages expenses from payment to reconciliation; Soldo Premium, designed to control business spending; and Soldo Enterprise, which supports broader financial strategies. Soldo’s platform integrates prepaid Mastercard cards, a web-based administration console, and a mobile app, providing a comprehensive solution for managing the entire expense cycle. This allows organizations to gain visibility and control over their spending while ensuring compatibility with major accounting software. Founded in 2014 and based in London, Soldo also has offices in Rome, Milan, and Dublin, and caters to various sectors, including not-for-profits, start-ups, digital media, technology, and higher education.

Orient Speech Therapy Center specializes in providing professional speech and language therapy services for children facing communication challenges, including those with autism or speech disorders. The center focuses on the early screening, clinical diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions essential for improving children's speech and social skills. It offers a range of refined curricula designed specifically for young learners, including the Star Curriculum, phonics and oral muscle courses, expression courses, and exercise classes. Through these structured programs, Orient Speech Therapy Center aims to enhance the communicative abilities of children, enabling them to express themselves more effectively and engage socially.

Helix is a leading population genomics company that operates at the intersection of clinical care, research, and genomics. Its comprehensive platform enables healthcare systems, life sciences companies, and payers to advance genomic research and integrate genomic data into clinical care.

Bowery Farming Inc. is a modern agricultural company based in New York, specializing in post-organic produce. Founded in 2014, the company focuses on growing a variety of greens, including baby kale, lettuce, arugula, and basil, using innovative indoor farming techniques. By leveraging advanced technology, such as its proprietary BoweryOS software, Bowery Farming creates optimal conditions for plant growth, allowing it to operate without pesticides and using significantly less water compared to traditional farming methods. This technology enables the company to be over 100 times more productive on the same land footprint. Bowery's products are distributed through grocery stores and featured in the menus of renowned restaurants, emphasizing the company's commitment to providing fresh, sustainable produce to consumers.

Oura is a Finnish company that specializes in the development of a smart wellness ring designed to monitor and track various biometric data related to health and well-being. The ring incorporates advanced sensors to measure key metrics such as heart rate, sleep cycles, and activity levels, providing users with insights into their physiological and behavioral responses to sleep, rest, and recovery. This data is accessible through the accompanying Oura application, which enables users to understand their overall health status and make informed lifestyle choices. Oura operates within the health and wellness industry, focusing on enhancing the user's understanding of their body and promoting better health outcomes.

Abiochem Biotechnology specializes in enzyme and genetic engineering technologies. It focuses on developing biocatalytic and synthetic biology methods for large-scale production, serving industries such as medicine, healthcare products, and pesticides.

EAVision is a smart agricultural robotics company specializing in the development of autonomous drones for crop protection. Utilizing advanced computer vision technology, EAVision's unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are equipped with AI visual recognition and precision spraying capabilities. This innovative approach enables farmers to effectively safeguard their crops, even in challenging geographical conditions. In addition to their UAVs, EAVision also focuses on binocular visual perception, AI autonomous control, and intelligent machine equipment. Their offerings include software solutions and a commercial corn emasculation test system, further enhancing their contribution to modern agricultural practices.

PT HaloDoc is a digital healthcare platform based in Jakarta, Indonesia, established in 2016. The company connects patients with a network of 19,000 licensed doctors and 1,000 certified partner pharmacies through its innovative communication platform. Users can engage with medical professionals via video calls, voice calls, and chat, allowing for real-time consultations and health advice. Additionally, HaloDoc facilitates the ordering of laboratory tests that can be conducted at home, enhancing the convenience of accessing healthcare services. The platform aims to simplify and improve the healthcare experience for patients by providing easy connections to doctors, clinics, and hospitals, as well as offering medical delivery services through its partner pharmacies.

Hazel Technologies develops and produces postharvest technologies that extend the shelf life of fresh produce. The company’s core product is a carton insert that releases ethylene inhibitors, such as 1‑MCP, to slow respiration and aging in fruits and vegetables, thereby reducing spoilage and waste. In addition to its hardware, Hazel offers horticultural consulting and supply‑chain solutions that help growers, shippers, and retailers optimize storage conditions and inventory management. Founded in 2015, the company is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with an additional site in Salinas, California. Its technologies have been validated by academic research and supported by USDA funding, positioning Hazel as a key player in improving the efficiency and sustainability of the fresh‑produce supply chain.

NewMed Medical is a Shanghai-based medical device supplier specializing in interventional artificial heart valve systems. Founded in 2015, the company focuses on researching, developing, manufacturing, and marketing products that include artificial heart valves and transcatheter implantation systems. These products are designed to replace diseased mitral valves, simplifying heart valve replacement surgeries, reducing treatment risks, and enabling faster patient recovery while saving surgery expenses.

Tezign is a leading enterprise content and AI company founded in 2015, specializing in generative AI solutions for content creation and management. The company focuses on building a digital infrastructure that enhances the efficiency and quality of content production for global enterprises. Tezign has partnered with over 200 notable companies, including major brands like Alibaba, Unilever, and Procter & Gamble, and has successfully generated more than 150,000 content assets. Its platform employs advanced data technology and image recognition to connect top designers with businesses, facilitating marketing content production and optimization. Additionally, Tezign has cultivated a content ecosystem comprising over 100,000 content creators, establishing a significant scale in content asset management.

Insitro, Inc. is a data-driven company focused on drug discovery and development, particularly targeting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Founded in 2018 by Daphne Koller and based in South San Francisco, California, Insitro harnesses machine learning and high-throughput biology to revolutionize the process of drug discovery. The company creates extensive functional genomic data sets and integrates them with patient data through innovative machine learning techniques. This approach allows Insitro to build predictive models that enhance target selection, streamline the design of therapeutics, and optimize drug development strategies. By addressing critical challenges in pharmaceutical research and development, Insitro aims to accelerate the delivery of new and effective treatments to patients.

Black Lake Technologies is a rapidly growing company that specializes in cloud-based technology designed to transform traditional manufacturing enterprises into data-driven smart factories. The company provides mobile, IoT, and web-based collaboration platforms that facilitate the acquisition, visualization, monitoring, and analysis of real-time manufacturing data. By offering algorithm-driven, flexible, and configurable systems, Black Lake enables factory staff, from top management to assembly line workers, to collaborate effectively, interpret data, and extract actionable insights. This innovation helps manufacturing enterprises, ranging from medium-sized businesses to Fortune 500 companies, to shorten manufacturing cycles and enhance operational efficiency. With significant venture backing, Black Lake Technologies has raised over CNY 100 million to support its mission of revolutionizing the manufacturing landscape.

Clover Biopharmaceuticals, established in 2016, is a global, clinical-stage biotech company dedicated to discovering, developing, and commercializing innovative biologics targeting trimerization-dependent pathways in oncology and autoimmune diseases. The company's proprietary Trimer-Tag© technology platform enables the creation of novel biologics. Additionally, Clover employs its in-house cGMP biomanufacturing capabilities for select biosimilars development.

Provivi Inc. is a biotechnology company based in Santa Monica, California, focused on the development of biopesticides for agricultural, commercial, household, and public health pest management. Founded in 2013, the company leverages biocatalysis technology, originally developed at the California Institute of Technology, to create insect pheromones that protect food supplies without toxic residues. Provivi aims to provide effective and environmentally friendly crop protection solutions, fostering sustainable agricultural practices. Its innovative approach targets the synthesis of biopesticides through advanced processes, allowing for the efficient production of safe and affordable pest management products. The company distributes its offerings worldwide, seeking to transform pest control with its groundbreaking biological solutions.

Form Energy, Inc. is a company focused on developing long-duration energy storage systems aimed at transforming the electric grid by enabling the reliable use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Established in 2017 and based in Somerville, Massachusetts, Form Energy is known for its innovative iron-air battery technology, which allows for the storage of electricity over extended periods, making renewable energy more dispatchable throughout the year. This technology not only helps to replace conventional fossil fuel-based generation but also enhances transmission capacity without the need for new infrastructure. By facilitating deep decarbonization of the electric system, Form Energy plays a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting a sustainable energy future.

Gracell Biotechnologies Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of innovative cell therapies for cancer treatment. Based in Shanghai, China, Gracell's lead product candidates include GC012F, a dual-targeting autologous CAR-T therapy for multiple myeloma, and GC019F, which targets adult B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Both candidates are currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials. Additionally, the company is advancing GC007F for B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and GC027 for adult T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, among others. Gracell also has a range of earlier-stage product candidates addressing various cancer types, such as ovarian cancer and breast cancer. Founded in 2017, the company aims to provide effective cellular therapeutics to improve outcomes for patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors.

TrueLayer facilitates real-time online payments by integrating with banks and financial institutions. It enables businesses to verify identities, access transactions, and make instant payments across multiple countries. With over 10 million users trusting its services, TrueLayer aims to revolutionize global payment systems.

Founded in 2017 by former U.S. Cyber Command and National Security Agency officials, BlueVoyant is a cybersecurity company offering advanced threat intelligence, managed security services, and consulting to businesses. It enhances clients' cybersecurity posture through threat detection and response, vulnerability management, proactive threat hunting, leveraging both human expertise and advanced technologies.

Perfect Day develops animal-free dairy proteins and dairy substitutes using fermentation to produce proteins that are nutritionally identical to cow’s milk. The company makes products including milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, and milk proteins without using animals. Its fermentation process uses yeast to convert plant-based sugars into dairy proteins, enabling products with the same taste, texture, and nutrition as traditional dairy while avoiding animal welfare concerns and reducing environmental impact. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in Emeryville, California, Perfect Day focuses on sustainable, vegan dairy alternatives that aim to appeal to both consumers and manufacturers seeking dairy-like ingredients without conventional dairy farming.

Arterys Inc. is a pioneering company in the field of medical imaging analytics, focused on transforming healthcare through advanced radiology solutions. Established in 2007 and headquartered in San Francisco, California, with additional offices in Calgary, Canada, and Paris, France, Arterys offers a web-based, AI-powered platform that is FDA-cleared and designed to enhance patient care. Its suite of products includes Cardio AI for cardiac magnetic resonance image analysis, Lung AI for lung imaging, Liver AI for liver imaging, and Chest/MSK AI, which automates the detection of various conditions such as fractures and pulmonary nodules. Additionally, the Arterys PHI Service allows physicians to access patient data remotely. The platform's innovative technology enables radiologists to visualize and quantify blood flow in the human body, facilitating improved diagnostic capabilities and clinical decision-making.

Founded in 2010, Pivot Bio is a biotechnology company specializing in microbial nitrogen fertilizers. It harnesses naturally occurring microbes to provide nutrients to crops sustainably, aiming to reduce the need for petrochemical fertilizers and improve crop yield.

Alan specializes in digital health insurance services, offering tailored solutions for various businesses. It provides seamless coverage, easy claim handling, and access to medical professionals via video calls or in-person appointments.

Abbisko Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovery and development of differentiated small-molecule oncology therapies. Based in Shanghai, China, and founded in 2016, the company emphasizes immuno-oncology and aims to advance cancer treatments through in-house research and development, with a focus on therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma and solid tumors.

Kaishuo Jianggushi is a children's content provider. Also known as Kaishu Story, the brand is focusing on children’s stories with additional products such as audio series and online parenting courses.

Perfect Day develops animal-free dairy proteins and dairy substitutes using fermentation to produce proteins that are nutritionally identical to cow’s milk. The company makes products including milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, and milk proteins without using animals. Its fermentation process uses yeast to convert plant-based sugars into dairy proteins, enabling products with the same taste, texture, and nutrition as traditional dairy while avoiding animal welfare concerns and reducing environmental impact. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in Emeryville, California, Perfect Day focuses on sustainable, vegan dairy alternatives that aim to appeal to both consumers and manufacturers seeking dairy-like ingredients without conventional dairy farming.

Provivi Inc. is a biotechnology company based in Santa Monica, California, focused on the development of biopesticides for agricultural, commercial, household, and public health pest management. Founded in 2013, the company leverages biocatalysis technology, originally developed at the California Institute of Technology, to create insect pheromones that protect food supplies without toxic residues. Provivi aims to provide effective and environmentally friendly crop protection solutions, fostering sustainable agricultural practices. Its innovative approach targets the synthesis of biopesticides through advanced processes, allowing for the efficient production of safe and affordable pest management products. The company distributes its offerings worldwide, seeking to transform pest control with its groundbreaking biological solutions.

XforcePlus is a company specializing in enterprise collaborative software solutions delivered as a service. It focuses on providing internet-based and cloud-innovated software for supply chain collaboration and invoice management. The company's offerings include comprehensive tools for supply chain settlement, real-time electronic account management, VAT invoicing, electronic billing, payment reconciliation, tax reporting, and tax analysis. By utilizing XforcePlus's software, businesses can enhance their invoicing and taxation efficiency, ultimately improving financial security and capital management.

Founded in 2013, SparkCognition develops AI systems for various industries. It offers solutions like SparkPredict for predictive maintenance, DeepArmor for cybersecurity, DeepNLP for document analysis, Darwin for automated data science, and serves sectors such as oil & gas, aviation, defense, and finance.

TrueLayer facilitates real-time online payments by integrating with banks and financial institutions. It enables businesses to verify identities, access transactions, and make instant payments across multiple countries. With over 10 million users trusting its services, TrueLayer aims to revolutionize global payment systems.

Pear Therapeutics, Inc. is a Boston-based commercial-stage healthcare company specializing in software-based digital therapeutics, also known as Prescription Digital Therapeutics (PDTs). Founded in 2013, the company develops clinically validated software solutions designed to treat a range of behavioral health disorders, including addiction, anxiety, depression, and chronic insomnia. Its suite of products includes mobile digital therapies that reward patients for engagement, and specific tools like reSET and reSET-O, aimed at treating substance use disorders. The company also offers Somryst, which provides neurobehavioral interventions for insomnia, and operates PearConnect, a patient services center that connects patients with advocates and resources, ensuring support throughout their treatment journey. Pear Therapeutics aims to enhance treatment outcomes by integrating digital therapies with pharmaceuticals and providing comprehensive support for patients, clinicians, and payors.

Genuity Science is a company that specializes in clinco-omics data analysis solutions for researchers in the fields of central nervous system, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory diseases. The company provides a comprehensive global genomics platform that facilitates the study of biological data insights, offering services that include study design, genomic sequencing, data storage, interpretation, secondary analysis, and scalable analytics. By leveraging the human genome, Genuity Science aims to empower organizations to enhance patient health through advanced genomic insights and analysis.

Blaize is a semiconductor and software technology company that provides a proprietary, purpose-built full-stack hardware architecture and low-code/no-code software platform for edge AI processing at the network edge. The platform enables low-latency, power- and thermal-efficient AI inference across industries such as automotive, mobility, retail, security, industrial automation, and medical devices. The company focuses on delivering edge computing solutions that avoid retrofitting data-center-centric AI, enabling efficient on-device processing. Headquartered in El Dorado Hills, California, Blaize operates with teams in San Jose, North Carolina, and subsidiaries in India and the United Kingdom, employing around 200 people globally.

Puls operates a platform that connects customers with a nationwide network of service providers delivering in-home repairs and installations. The company offers a range of home services, including handyman tasks such as furniture assembly, wall mounting and shelf installation, drywall repair, interior painting, appliance installation and repair, fan installation, and disinfection. It also provides TV mounting and setup, Wi-Fi configuration, and the installation of devices and systems, including garage doors and security systems, with same-day service options. Founded in 2015 and based in San Francisco, Puls positions itself as a scalable solution enabling convenient access to local technicians for on-demand home maintenance and device support.

Orchard Therapeutics is a UK-based biopharmaceutical company dedicated to developing and commercializing innovative gene therapies for rare diseases. Its core focus is autologous ex vivo gene therapy, transforming hematopoietic stem cells into a gene-modified drug product for single-administration treatments. The company's portfolio includes Strimvelis, approved by the EMA in 2016, and several programs in advanced registrational studies across various disease areas.

Breather Products Inc. is a company that specializes in providing on-demand private workspaces designed for productivity. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in Montreal, Canada, Breather has established a network of flexible office spaces available for reservation via its web and mobile applications. The company's offerings allow clients to rent spaces by the hour, day, or month, catering to various business needs. With locations in major cities, including New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago, Washington, Toronto, Montreal, and London, each workspace is equipped with essential technology to facilitate immediate productivity. Breather aims to create comfortable and private environments that enhance operational efficiency for businesses and corporate clients.

Ant Group Co., Ltd. is a leading provider of digital payment and financial services in China, known for its flagship product, Alipay, a widely used digital payments platform. Established in 2000 and headquartered in Hangzhou, the company offers a variety of financial solutions, including Yu'e Bao, an online cash management platform that invests users' funds in a money market fund; Huabei, a consumer credit service facilitating buy now, pay later options; and MYbank, an online bank focused on serving small businesses and entrepreneurs. Additionally, Ant Group operates Xiang Hu Bao, a mutual aid platform for health protection, and Zhima Credit, a credit assessment service for businesses. The company aims to foster digital transformation across the service industry, ensuring that consumers and small enterprises have equal access to inclusive and sustainable financial services. In July 2020, it rebranded from Ant Small and Micro Financial Services Group Co., Ltd. to Ant Group Co., Ltd.

Akili Interactive Labs, Inc., established in 2011 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, specializes in developing digital medicine solutions. The company's core business involves creating video game-based technology to assess and enhance cognitive abilities. Akili's broad pipeline focuses on treating cognitive deficiencies and improving symptoms associated with various medical conditions, such as ADHD, MDD, ASD, and inflammatory diseases.

Founded in 2014, SenseTime specializes in artificial intelligence technologies, focusing on computer vision and deep learning. It offers a range of AI solutions including face and body analysis, image recognition, video comprehension, SLAM and 3D Vision, robot sensing, autonomous driving, medical image analysis, and AI supercomputing platforms. Serving sectors such as smart city, mobile, entertainment, automobile, health, business, education, and advertising worldwide, SenseTime operates offices in major cities across Asia.

Zipline designs, manufactures, and operates drones for delivering vital medical products such as vaccines, medicines, and blood. Based in Half Moon Bay, California, Zipline aims to provide instant access to these supplies worldwide.

SolidEnergy Systems Corp. develops and manufactures rechargeable lithium metal batteries primarily for applications in drones, wearables, smartphones, and electric vehicles. Founded in 2012 and based in Woburn, Massachusetts, the company focuses on producing high-performance lithium metal batteries and supplying essential materials, such as anodes and electrolytes, to major lithium-ion cell manufacturers. These materials can be integrated into existing manufacturing processes, allowing for scalability without significant infrastructure investments. SolidEnergy's pilot-scale production caters to prototype demonstrations and specialized aerospace markets, while its future growth is aimed at mainstream sectors like consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Additionally, the company is involved in developing AI-powered safety algorithms and recycling solutions, positioning itself as an integrated battery manufacturer with a commitment to innovation and sustainability.

TrustDecision is a Chinese fintech company established in 2013 and headquartered in Hangzhou. It specializes in developing online software solutions aimed at anti-theft and fraud management across various sectors, including finance, insurance, payments, online shopping, and social networking. By providing risk control services, TrustDecision helps businesses mitigate fraud risks and enhance security in their digital transactions. The company's innovative approach to risk management positions it as a key player in the fintech landscape, catering to the growing demand for effective fraud prevention solutions in an increasingly digital economy.

Gogoro Inc. is a manufacturer of two-wheeled electric vehicles and a pioneering provider of battery swapping infrastructure, based in Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Founded in 2011, the company specializes in electric scooters, notably the Smartscooter, which features cloud connectivity and an electric powertrain that utilizes a network of swappable batteries. This modular battery swapping system allows urban riders to access portable power through strategically placed battery vending machines, facilitating the adoption of electric mobility in densely populated areas. Gogoro aims to transform megacities into smart cities by making energy distribution more efficient and accessible. The company's comprehensive ecosystem includes Gogoro Smart Batteries, GoStations, and battery management systems, contributing to a seamless integration of hardware and software. The majority of Gogoro's revenue is generated in Taiwan, where it has established a strong presence.

Neoway is a Brazilian-based market intelligence firm established in 2002 by Jaime de Paula. Headquartered in Florianópolis with additional offices in São Paulo and New York City, Neoway specializes in big data analytics, offering its SIMM platform on a subscription basis. This platform enables businesses to explore comprehensive company and individual data, map economic groups, control opportunity distribution, create alerts, and analyze relationships across various industries such as automotive, consumer goods, oil & gas, technology, telecom, finance, and insurance. Neoway serves clients by providing actionable insights to help them identify market opportunities and make strategic decisions.

ClassPass is a global online platform that facilitates access to diverse fitness experiences across multiple gyms and studios worldwide. With over 25,000 partners globally, ClassPass offers members a wide range of classes such as yoga, cycling, Pilates, boxing, massage, and acupuncture, totaling more than 5 million classes monthly. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, the platform surfaces personalized recommendations to enhance users' discovery process. Through its flat-rate monthly subscription billing service, ClassPass enables users to explore various fitness activities on-demand from top studios worldwide, promoting accessibility and variety in workouts. Additionally, ClassPass collaborates with studio partners to merchandise excess inventory, attract new customers, and generate supplementary revenue streams within the fitness industry.

LinkDoc Technology Limited, founded in 2014 and headquartered in Beijing, China, specializes in developing medical data solutions and big data platforms focused on oncology. The company provides clinical structured data services to oncology hospitals, enabling them to address scientific and clinical challenges effectively. LinkDoc is dedicated to offering continuous care for patients with critical diseases and delivers data-driven precision life sciences solutions that facilitate clinical research and enhance real-world adoption for life sciences companies and healthcare providers. Additionally, LinkDoc ensures that its private hospital deployments comply with US HIPAA Act standards, implementing robust security measures to protect patient privacy and data integrity.

G7 is a company that specializes in fleet management systems aimed at optimizing the transportation ecosystem. With a significant installation base of 800,000 cargo vehicles across China, G7 utilizes proprietary hardware devices to gather and analyze data for logistics companies and drivers. The company's platform enables businesses to locate and monitor transportation vehicles, track driver behaviors, and estimate departure and arrival times. Additionally, G7 provides detailed insights on route optimization, fuel consumption, and cargo conditions, such as temperature and humidity, which helps corporate clients and business owners enhance the efficiency of their transportation networks.

iTutorGroup is an online education provider founded in 1998, headquartered in Taipei City, Taiwan, with additional offices in Shanghai, China, and Santa Clara, California. The company offers a range of platforms designed for both students and business professionals, including VIPABC, TutorABC, VIPABCJr, and TutorABCJr for English language learning, as well as TutorMing for Mandarin Chinese language instruction. Additionally, iTutorGroup provides LiveH2H, a service for live translations in multiple languages. The company focuses on delivering individualized and personalized learning experiences, allowing instructors to tailor content to meet the specific needs of learners.

Innovent Biologics is a China-based biopharmaceutical company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and commercializes monoclonal antibodies. It operates a platform for antibody therapeutics across oncology, ophthalmology, immunology, and metabolic diseases, with Tyvyt (sintilimab) as its core asset, a PD-1 inhibitor used in first-line and other cancer indications. The company develops a broad pipeline including biosimilars and novel antibodies and provides distribution, consulting, and R&D services. It maintains strategic collaborations with global partners, including a co-development arrangement with MD Anderson Cancer Center and an alliance with Eli Lilly for TYVYT, and has more than 30 collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies. Innovent is listed on the Hong Kong Exchange and maintains manufacturing and development capabilities in China with a growing portfolio of oncology and non-oncology products marketed domestically and internationally.

Chunyu Yisheng, established in 2011 and headquartered in Beijing, is a mobile application designed to enhance communication between physicians and patients. The app allows doctors to access their patients' medical records and facilitates direct interaction, enabling patients to schedule appointments and communicate with their healthcare providers. Additionally, Chunyu Yisheng offers reservation line treatment services, further supporting users in managing their health. The company focuses on leveraging Internet technology to improve health outcomes and streamline the healthcare experience.

FirstCry is an online platform based in Pune, India, specializing in baby and kids' products. Founded in 2010, the company offers an extensive range of over 20,000 items from more than 250 renowned international and Indian brands, including Mattel, Pampers, and Disney. FirstCry's business model encompasses not only the sale of baby products and toys but also the wholesale distribution of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) through various partners. Additionally, the company operates a preschool segment via franchise partnerships across India. By focusing on quality products and providing a reliable online shopping experience, FirstCry aims to ensure customer satisfaction through prompt delivery services and responsive customer care.

Xiaomi Corporation is an Internet company that provides hardware, software, and Internet services globally. It operates through segments including Smartphones, IoT and Lifestyle Products, and Internet Services. Xiaomi offers a wide range of products such as smartphones, smart TVs, laptops, AI speakers, smart routers, and various IoT devices. The company also provides advertising services and other internet value-added services.

Harbour Networks Holdings was acquired by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. The company provides Internet protocol-based networking equipment. The company offers Ethernet switches, IP core and edge routers, broadband access equipment, voice over Internet protocol products, optical transport platforms, and networking and services management software, as well as ADSL/VDSL broadband access equipment and NGN integrated access equipment. It serves telecom carriers, corporations, education and government institutions, government agencies, finance, power, and service industries in China, North America, Japan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. The company was founded in 2000 and is based in Beijing, China. As of September 11, 2006, Harbour Networks Holdings Limited operates as a subsidiary of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

BioVex Group is a biotechnology company specializing in the development and commercialization of biological treatments for cancer and infectious diseases. Its primary focus is OncoVEXGM-CSF, an oncolytic vaccine designed to target and destroy cancer cells while preserving surrounding healthy tissues. This innovative therapy utilizes a virus that replicates within solid tumors, leading to their destruction and stimulating a robust systemic immune response against the cancer. OncoVEXGM-CSF has undergone extensive clinical testing with over 110 patients across various solid tumors, including melanoma, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The treatment has demonstrated significant efficacy, routinely eliminating tumors at the injection site and resulting in overall disease responses during Phase II trials. Additionally, BioVex is developing ImmunoVEXHSV2, a vaccine aimed at preventing genital herpes, further expanding its portfolio in biologic therapies.

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation is a leading semiconductor foundry headquartered in Shanghai. It provides integrated IC manufacturing and a full range of services, including design services, mask manufacturing, wafer fabrication, testing, packaging, and final assembly, as well as the sale of self-manufactured ICs. The company operates multiple fabs in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Shenzhen, Jiangyin, and an additional facility in Italy, and maintains offices and service networks in the United States, Europe, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Its process technology spans from 0.35 micron to 28 nanometer, and it offers turnkey services to meet customer needs for integrated device manufacturers, fabless IC companies, and system companies. SMIC is the largest Chinese foundry and ranks among the top global foundries, competing with industry leaders such as TSMC and Samsung.

ORQIS Medical Corporation operates as a medical device company. It develops and sells minimally invasive devices for improving cardiac performance through aortic flow therapy. It offers Cancion System, a heart failure treatment that uses continuous aortic flow augmentation technology to improve symptoms of heart failure and change the underlying course of the disease for patients hospitalized for de-compensated heart failure. The company’s products also include Exeleras System to treat chronic heart failure patients.

Anesiva, Inc. was a biopharmaceutical company based in South San Francisco, California, that focused on developing and commercializing innovative therapeutic treatments for pain management on a global scale. Their primary product candidate, Adlea, underwent various clinical trials for post-surgical, musculoskeletal, and neuropathic pain. Originally known as AlgoRx Pharmaceuticals, the company rebranded as Anesiva, Inc. in 2006. Unfortunately, on January 15, 2010, Anesiva, Inc. filed for liquidation under Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California, and later in June 2014, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Founded in 1989, Savi Technology specializes in predictive supply chain analytics and real-time asset tracking. It offers solutions such as Savi Insight for data-driven insights, Savi Visibility for operational decision-making, and IoT sensors for location monitoring. Serving industries like shipping, logistics, and government, Savi aims to minimize supply chain disruptions and improve delivery performance.

PayPal is a leading digital payments company that enables consumers and merchants to make and receive online payments, transfer funds, and manage payments across a global platform. It operates consumer and merchant accounts and the peer-to-peer service Venmo, supporting hundreds of millions of active accounts in more than 200 markets. Since spinning off from eBay in 2015, PayPal has focused on expanding online transaction capabilities and financial services through a multi-channel network and partnerships with online retailers and platforms. The company pursues growth through technology-driven payments solutions that aim to be convenient, affordable, and secure. PayPal Ventures, its corporate venture capital arm, invests in fintech, payments, and related technologies to accelerate innovation and broaden the ecosystem. Overall, PayPal positions itself as a global enabler of electronic payments and digital commerce, serving a diverse base of consumers and merchants.