Maniv Mobility

Harbinger is a commercial electric vehicle (EV) company dedicated to innovating the medium-duty vehicle industry. The company specializes in developing proprietary vehicle technologies tailored for commercial applications, which are designed to meet the increasing demand for environmentally friendly transportation solutions. Harbinger's expertise in EV, battery, and drivetrain technologies enables it to create a unique EV platform that does not come with a typical acquisition premium, thereby making it accessible to a wider market. Their focus on chassis architecture emphasizes safety, driver experience, and productivity, incorporating features such as autonomous-ready drive-by-wire steering and ergonomic improvements. Through these advancements, Harbinger aims to modernize medium-duty vehicles while enhancing overall driving enjoyment and reducing fuel consumption.

Harbinger is a commercial electric vehicle (EV) company dedicated to innovating the medium-duty vehicle industry. The company specializes in developing proprietary vehicle technologies tailored for commercial applications, which are designed to meet the increasing demand for environmentally friendly transportation solutions. Harbinger's expertise in EV, battery, and drivetrain technologies enables it to create a unique EV platform that does not come with a typical acquisition premium, thereby making it accessible to a wider market. Their focus on chassis architecture emphasizes safety, driver experience, and productivity, incorporating features such as autonomous-ready drive-by-wire steering and ergonomic improvements. Through these advancements, Harbinger aims to modernize medium-duty vehicles while enhancing overall driving enjoyment and reducing fuel consumption.

Gauge provides an online automotive marketplace intended to simplify the sale of a used vehicle. It enables owners to book an appointment for inspection, prices vehicles based on AI algorithms and uses data to determine which car would give the new owner less trouble.

2trde is a technology company that specializes in developing software solutions for B2B car trade and mobility providers. Its primary product is a digital car auction platform designed to streamline business-to-business marketing for car dealers. The platform automates the process of recording vehicle details, extracting expert data, comparing opinions, and presenting comprehensive datasets at a glance. This enables sellers to expand their reach by publishing cars on multiple platforms simultaneously.

Revel is a company dedicated to accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption in urban areas through its all-electric rideshare service and network of fast-charging stations. The company operates a fleet of easily recognizable blue electric vehicles, providing a cleaner, safer, and more affordable rideshare experience. Revel places a strong emphasis on safety and cleanliness, utilizing vetted drivers and regularly detailed cars to ensure high service standards. Additionally, Revel offers electric mopeds that can be booked through a mobile application, allowing users to locate the nearest moped and start their ride conveniently. This combination of rideshare services and charging infrastructure positions Revel as a key player in promoting sustainable transportation solutions.

Autofleet is a company based in Tel Aviv, Israel, that specializes in providing an optimization platform for fleets and mobility operators. The company partners with various entities, including rental companies, car-sharing platforms, public transportation operators, and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), to enhance their operations. Autofleet's platform utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms for demand prediction, dynamic pricing, automated fleet management, and real-time optimization of demand-supply matching. This enables clients to plan future deployments, optimize existing operations, and launch new on-demand mobility business models, ultimately maximizing revenues and reducing fleet downtime.

Odetta helps individuals sell and buy used cars. They provide services ranging from certification and promotion to delivery of the car, including its mechanical and legal condition. They sell and buy cars directly from other individuals.

2trde is a technology company that specializes in developing software solutions for B2B car trade and mobility providers. Its primary product is a digital car auction platform designed to streamline business-to-business marketing for car dealers. The platform automates the process of recording vehicle details, extracting expert data, comparing opinions, and presenting comprehensive datasets at a glance. This enables sellers to expand their reach by publishing cars on multiple platforms simultaneously.

Autofleet is a company based in Tel Aviv, Israel, that specializes in providing an optimization platform for fleets and mobility operators. The company partners with various entities, including rental companies, car-sharing platforms, public transportation operators, and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), to enhance their operations. Autofleet's platform utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms for demand prediction, dynamic pricing, automated fleet management, and real-time optimization of demand-supply matching. This enables clients to plan future deployments, optimize existing operations, and launch new on-demand mobility business models, ultimately maximizing revenues and reducing fleet downtime.

Hailo Technologies Ltd., established in 2017 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, specializes in developing AI-focused chips for edge device applications. The company's primary product, Hailo-8, is a deep learning processor designed to enable edge devices to perform complex tasks such as object detection and image enhancement locally, with minimal power consumption and cost. This end-to-end solution integrates seamlessly with popular development environments, serving diverse markets including automotive, drones, smart home appliances, security systems, personal computers, and industrial automation.

Upstream Security specializes in providing a cloud-based data management platform tailored for connected vehicles, focusing on automotive cybersecurity detection and response (V-XDR). The Upstream Platform converts highly distributed vehicle data into centralized, structured, and contextualized data lakes, enabling customers to develop applications for connected vehicles. This platform is enhanced by AutoThreat® Intelligence, the first automotive cybersecurity threat intelligence solution, offering industry-leading protection against cyber threats and actionable insights. These solutions are seamlessly integrated into customers' environments and vehicle security operations centers (VSOC). Upstream's clientele includes prominent automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers, safeguarding millions of vehicles globally.

Revel is a company dedicated to accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption in urban areas through its all-electric rideshare service and network of fast-charging stations. The company operates a fleet of easily recognizable blue electric vehicles, providing a cleaner, safer, and more affordable rideshare experience. Revel places a strong emphasis on safety and cleanliness, utilizing vetted drivers and regularly detailed cars to ensure high service standards. Additionally, Revel offers electric mopeds that can be booked through a mobile application, allowing users to locate the nearest moped and start their ride conveniently. This combination of rideshare services and charging infrastructure positions Revel as a key player in promoting sustainable transportation solutions.

Brodmann17 Ltd, founded in 2016 and headquartered in Hod Hasharon, Israel, specializes in developing advanced computer-vision technology aimed at enhancing safety in mobility. The company focuses on creating an architecture code for applications such as pedestrian and face detection, leveraging deep learning neural networks to efficiently extract information from video feeds. This technology significantly reduces computing power needs, making artificial intelligence more accessible across various sectors, including mass-market passenger vehicles and micro-mobility solutions. Brodmann17’s patented perception software is scalable and hardware-agnostic, allowing seamless integration across different platforms, from low-power edge devices to cloud environments. The company's innovative approach has attracted considerable attention from high-profile players in the technology and automotive sectors, receiving backing from prominent venture capital firms and leading corporations.

C2A Security Ltd. is a cybersecurity firm based in Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 2016 by Michael Dick. The company specializes in developing innovative security solutions tailored for the automotive and trucking industries, employing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Its product offerings include a suite of tools designed to protect vehicles' internal systems from cyberattacks, including the stamper, SecMon, the protector, and DoIP Client. C2A Security focuses on transforming cybersecurity into a strategic advantage for automotive manufacturers and mobility companies, enhancing operational efficiency while reducing costs and time to market for software deployment. By providing an end-to-end cybersecurity platform, C2A Security enables original equipment manufacturers to manage the complete vehicle lifecycle with increased visibility and protection against evolving cyber threats.

Hailo Technologies Ltd., established in 2017 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, specializes in developing AI-focused chips for edge device applications. The company's primary product, Hailo-8, is a deep learning processor designed to enable edge devices to perform complex tasks such as object detection and image enhancement locally, with minimal power consumption and cost. This end-to-end solution integrates seamlessly with popular development environments, serving diverse markets including automotive, drones, smart home appliances, security systems, personal computers, and industrial automation.

Cognata Ltd. is an innovative company that specializes in developing an automotive simulation platform utilizing artificial intelligence to create virtual environments for testing autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Rehovot, Israel, Cognata's Deep Learning Simulation Engine allows manufacturers to simulate real-world driving scenarios and geographic locations, facilitating the validation of autonomous driving technologies. The platform employs patented computer vision and deep learning algorithms to automatically generate detailed city simulations, enabling users to run numerous scenarios that incorporate diverse road conditions and driver behaviors. This approach significantly accelerates the development and validation process for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, helping them to ensure safety and reliability in their technologies. Cognata aims to play a pivotal role in advancing the autonomous vehicle industry by providing essential tools for rigorous testing and analysis.

Revel is a company dedicated to accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption in urban areas through its all-electric rideshare service and network of fast-charging stations. The company operates a fleet of easily recognizable blue electric vehicles, providing a cleaner, safer, and more affordable rideshare experience. Revel places a strong emphasis on safety and cleanliness, utilizing vetted drivers and regularly detailed cars to ensure high service standards. Additionally, Revel offers electric mopeds that can be booked through a mobile application, allowing users to locate the nearest moped and start their ride conveniently. This combination of rideshare services and charging infrastructure positions Revel as a key player in promoting sustainable transportation solutions.

Brodmann17 Ltd, founded in 2016 and headquartered in Hod Hasharon, Israel, specializes in developing advanced computer-vision technology aimed at enhancing safety in mobility. The company focuses on creating an architecture code for applications such as pedestrian and face detection, leveraging deep learning neural networks to efficiently extract information from video feeds. This technology significantly reduces computing power needs, making artificial intelligence more accessible across various sectors, including mass-market passenger vehicles and micro-mobility solutions. Brodmann17’s patented perception software is scalable and hardware-agnostic, allowing seamless integration across different platforms, from low-power edge devices to cloud environments. The company's innovative approach has attracted considerable attention from high-profile players in the technology and automotive sectors, receiving backing from prominent venture capital firms and leading corporations.

Arbe Robotics Ltd. specializes in developing advanced radar systems designed for small object detection, catering primarily to the automotive industry. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, the company’s flagship product is a High-Resolution Imaging Radar system that provides a comprehensive 4D radar picture, enabling vehicles to perceive their environment under various weather and lighting conditions. Arbe's technology is integral to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and supports features such as emergency braking and real-time blind spot monitoring, while also paving the way for fully autonomous driving. The company's radar detects a wide range of objects, including vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians, using proprietary chipsets that ensure high performance at a competitive cost and power consumption. With additional offices in the United States, China, and Japan, Arbe is positioned to impact both automotive and non-automotive sectors globally.

Hailo Technologies Ltd., established in 2017 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, specializes in developing AI-focused chips for edge device applications. The company's primary product, Hailo-8, is a deep learning processor designed to enable edge devices to perform complex tasks such as object detection and image enhancement locally, with minimal power consumption and cost. This end-to-end solution integrates seamlessly with popular development environments, serving diverse markets including automotive, drones, smart home appliances, security systems, personal computers, and industrial automation.

Autofleet is a company based in Tel Aviv, Israel, that specializes in providing an optimization platform for fleets and mobility operators. The company partners with various entities, including rental companies, car-sharing platforms, public transportation operators, and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), to enhance their operations. Autofleet's platform utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms for demand prediction, dynamic pricing, automated fleet management, and real-time optimization of demand-supply matching. This enables clients to plan future deployments, optimize existing operations, and launch new on-demand mobility business models, ultimately maximizing revenues and reducing fleet downtime.

Owl Cameras is a technology company that specializes in automotive security solutions, primarily known for its product, the Owl Car Cam. Founded by Andrew Hodge and Nathan Ackerman in December 2016 and based in Palo Alto, California, Owl Cameras develops LTE-based security cameras designed to provide comprehensive video recording for vehicles, whether they are in motion or parked. The Owl Car Cam continuously monitors the surroundings of the vehicle, offering features such as live streaming, instant notifications of security events, and access to recorded footage of incidents like crashes or break-ins. This solution aims to enhance the safety and security of car owners by ensuring constant connectivity and real-time information about their vehicles.

Upstream Security specializes in providing a cloud-based data management platform tailored for connected vehicles, focusing on automotive cybersecurity detection and response (V-XDR). The Upstream Platform converts highly distributed vehicle data into centralized, structured, and contextualized data lakes, enabling customers to develop applications for connected vehicles. This platform is enhanced by AutoThreat® Intelligence, the first automotive cybersecurity threat intelligence solution, offering industry-leading protection against cyber threats and actionable insights. These solutions are seamlessly integrated into customers' environments and vehicle security operations centers (VSOC). Upstream's clientele includes prominent automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers, safeguarding millions of vehicles globally.

Guardian Optical Technologies Ltd is an Israeli company founded in 2015 and based in Tel Aviv, specializing in advanced sensor solutions for the automotive industry. The company develops a unique four-dimensional sensor technology that integrates 2D and 3D motion analysis to enhance passenger awareness in vehicles. This innovative sensor detects human presence and movement within a car's cabin, providing critical information about passenger location, physical dimensions, and body position. By replacing traditional in-seat pressure sensors and standard driver cameras, Guardian's technology offers a more reliable and comprehensive solution for monitoring occupants. Its capabilities also address safety concerns, such as preventing incidents involving infants left in vehicles. The company's patented optical sensors deliver unparalleled accuracy and robustness in human detection, making them an essential component for automobile manufacturers seeking to enhance safety and convenience in modern vehicles.

Aurora Labs Ltd is a technology company that develops innovative software solutions for the automotive industry, leveraging machine learning, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technologies. Established in 2016 and headquartered in Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, the company also has offices in Munich, Skopje, Boston, and Detroit. Aurora Labs focuses on enhancing the software development lifecycle for vehicles, providing tools for testing, integration, quality control, and continuous certification, as well as enabling over-the-air software updates. Their AI-based vehicle software intelligence aims to help automotive manufacturers manage software costs and resources effectively, facilitating the development of new vehicle features and mobility services. With a commitment to industry standards such as ISO-26262/ASIL-D and ASPICE-L2, Aurora Labs has garnered approximately 90 patents and has seen its products adopted by customers globally, positioning itself as a leader in the software-defined vehicle sector.

Arbe Robotics Ltd. specializes in developing advanced radar systems designed for small object detection, catering primarily to the automotive industry. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, the company’s flagship product is a High-Resolution Imaging Radar system that provides a comprehensive 4D radar picture, enabling vehicles to perceive their environment under various weather and lighting conditions. Arbe's technology is integral to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and supports features such as emergency braking and real-time blind spot monitoring, while also paving the way for fully autonomous driving. The company's radar detects a wide range of objects, including vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians, using proprietary chipsets that ensure high performance at a competitive cost and power consumption. With additional offices in the United States, China, and Japan, Arbe is positioned to impact both automotive and non-automotive sectors globally.

Oryx Vision, Ltd. is an Israeli company founded in 2009, specializing in the development of solid-state depth vision solutions for autonomous vehicles. The company has created innovative automotive LiDAR technology that utilizes microscopic light-sensing antennas, allowing for the generation of a 3D view of the surroundings. This technology simplifies autonomous driving by offering a system that operates akin to a digital camera while providing enhanced sensitivity and resistance to environmental interference. Oryx Vision's solutions are designed to meet the range and resolution requirements essential for fully autonomous driving, producing both range and velocity data for every point within its field of view.

Upstream Security specializes in providing a cloud-based data management platform tailored for connected vehicles, focusing on automotive cybersecurity detection and response (V-XDR). The Upstream Platform converts highly distributed vehicle data into centralized, structured, and contextualized data lakes, enabling customers to develop applications for connected vehicles. This platform is enhanced by AutoThreat® Intelligence, the first automotive cybersecurity threat intelligence solution, offering industry-leading protection against cyber threats and actionable insights. These solutions are seamlessly integrated into customers' environments and vehicle security operations centers (VSOC). Upstream's clientele includes prominent automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers, safeguarding millions of vehicles globally.

Cognata Ltd. is an innovative company that specializes in developing an automotive simulation platform utilizing artificial intelligence to create virtual environments for testing autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Rehovot, Israel, Cognata's Deep Learning Simulation Engine allows manufacturers to simulate real-world driving scenarios and geographic locations, facilitating the validation of autonomous driving technologies. The platform employs patented computer vision and deep learning algorithms to automatically generate detailed city simulations, enabling users to run numerous scenarios that incorporate diverse road conditions and driver behaviors. This approach significantly accelerates the development and validation process for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, helping them to ensure safety and reliability in their technologies. Cognata aims to play a pivotal role in advancing the autonomous vehicle industry by providing essential tools for rigorous testing and analysis.

Otonomo Technologies Ltd. operates a cloud-based marketplace that connects cars to services and applications, facilitating the collection and delivery of vehicle data for enhanced safety and in-car experiences. The company, founded in 2015 and headquartered in Herzliya, Israel, with offices in Redwood City, California, and Frankfurt, Germany, securely processes over 4 billion data points daily from more than 40 million vehicles. Otonomo's platform enables original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), fleet operators, and over 100 service providers to access and utilize this data, accelerating the development of new services that improve driver experiences and support smart city initiatives. The company prioritizes privacy and neutrality, ensuring compliance with global data protection regulations.

RightHand Robotics, Inc. is a manufacturer of robotic order-picking systems that streamline supply chain logistics for various industries, including e-commerce, food handling, and flexible manufacturing. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the company specializes in robotic solutions that automatically grasp a wide variety of items from bins and cases. Its flagship products include the ReFlex SF, which features a 3D-printed palm equipped with servos and compliant fingers, and the ReFlex TakkTile, a tactile sensor designed to enhance the robots' ability to handle items gently and correct errors. RightHand Robotics focuses on providing end-to-end solutions that simplify integration and adaptation to diverse customer workflows, ultimately reducing the costs associated with order fulfillment across sectors such as electronics, apparel, grocery, and pharmaceuticals.

Otonomo Technologies Ltd. operates a cloud-based marketplace that connects cars to services and applications, facilitating the collection and delivery of vehicle data for enhanced safety and in-car experiences. The company, founded in 2015 and headquartered in Herzliya, Israel, with offices in Redwood City, California, and Frankfurt, Germany, securely processes over 4 billion data points daily from more than 40 million vehicles. Otonomo's platform enables original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), fleet operators, and over 100 service providers to access and utilize this data, accelerating the development of new services that improve driver experiences and support smart city initiatives. The company prioritizes privacy and neutrality, ensuring compliance with global data protection regulations.

Guardian Optical Technologies Ltd is an Israeli company founded in 2015 and based in Tel Aviv, specializing in advanced sensor solutions for the automotive industry. The company develops a unique four-dimensional sensor technology that integrates 2D and 3D motion analysis to enhance passenger awareness in vehicles. This innovative sensor detects human presence and movement within a car's cabin, providing critical information about passenger location, physical dimensions, and body position. By replacing traditional in-seat pressure sensors and standard driver cameras, Guardian's technology offers a more reliable and comprehensive solution for monitoring occupants. Its capabilities also address safety concerns, such as preventing incidents involving infants left in vehicles. The company's patented optical sensors deliver unparalleled accuracy and robustness in human detection, making them an essential component for automobile manufacturers seeking to enhance safety and convenience in modern vehicles.

Cognata Ltd. is an innovative company that specializes in developing an automotive simulation platform utilizing artificial intelligence to create virtual environments for testing autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Rehovot, Israel, Cognata's Deep Learning Simulation Engine allows manufacturers to simulate real-world driving scenarios and geographic locations, facilitating the validation of autonomous driving technologies. The platform employs patented computer vision and deep learning algorithms to automatically generate detailed city simulations, enabling users to run numerous scenarios that incorporate diverse road conditions and driver behaviors. This approach significantly accelerates the development and validation process for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, helping them to ensure safety and reliability in their technologies. Cognata aims to play a pivotal role in advancing the autonomous vehicle industry by providing essential tools for rigorous testing and analysis.

Oryx Vision, Ltd. is an Israeli company founded in 2009, specializing in the development of solid-state depth vision solutions for autonomous vehicles. The company has created innovative automotive LiDAR technology that utilizes microscopic light-sensing antennas, allowing for the generation of a 3D view of the surroundings. This technology simplifies autonomous driving by offering a system that operates akin to a digital camera while providing enhanced sensitivity and resistance to environmental interference. Oryx Vision's solutions are designed to meet the range and resolution requirements essential for fully autonomous driving, producing both range and velocity data for every point within its field of view.

Drive.ai, established in 2015 by former Stanford University AI Lab colleagues, specializes in developing artificial intelligence software for autonomous vehicles. Headquartered in Mountain View, California, the company focuses on creating hardware components like sensors and control systems, along with communications infrastructure and an in-car interface. Their deep learning-first approach enables their technology to learn new driving scenarios independently, adapting to diverse environments safely. As of June 2019, Drive.ai operates as a subsidiary of Apple Inc.

Otonomo Technologies Ltd. operates a cloud-based marketplace that connects cars to services and applications, facilitating the collection and delivery of vehicle data for enhanced safety and in-car experiences. The company, founded in 2015 and headquartered in Herzliya, Israel, with offices in Redwood City, California, and Frankfurt, Germany, securely processes over 4 billion data points daily from more than 40 million vehicles. Otonomo's platform enables original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), fleet operators, and over 100 service providers to access and utilize this data, accelerating the development of new services that improve driver experiences and support smart city initiatives. The company prioritizes privacy and neutrality, ensuring compliance with global data protection regulations.

RightHand Robotics, Inc. is a manufacturer of robotic order-picking systems that streamline supply chain logistics for various industries, including e-commerce, food handling, and flexible manufacturing. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the company specializes in robotic solutions that automatically grasp a wide variety of items from bins and cases. Its flagship products include the ReFlex SF, which features a 3D-printed palm equipped with servos and compliant fingers, and the ReFlex TakkTile, a tactile sensor designed to enhance the robots' ability to handle items gently and correct errors. RightHand Robotics focuses on providing end-to-end solutions that simplify integration and adaptation to diverse customer workflows, ultimately reducing the costs associated with order fulfillment across sectors such as electronics, apparel, grocery, and pharmaceuticals.

Nexar Ltd., founded in 2015 and based in Tel Aviv Yafo, Israel, develops a mobile application that enhances driving safety through advanced dashcam technology. Its application utilizes artificial intelligence and machine vision to predict road hazards and prevent accidents by analyzing the vehicle's surroundings. The dashcam records the road while driving, detects sudden stops or collisions, and automatically generates incident reports, which are then uploaded to the cloud for further processing. By enabling users to share feedback and alerts with other drivers, Nexar aims to foster a safer driving environment. The company’s innovative approach seeks to transform the driving experience, making every vehicle a smart car and contributing to the creation of a comprehensive safe driving network.

Autotalks, Ltd. is a fabless semiconductor company specializing in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications for both manned and autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2008 and headquartered in Kfar Netter, Israel, the company develops a range of automotive-grade chipsets, including the CRATON integrated vehicular communication processor and the PLUTON V2X RF Transceiver. These products enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with infrastructure, enhancing safety and mobility. Autotalks also offers the PANGAEA4 V2X communication module, along with security verification and software solutions. The company serves a global clientele, including OEMs and Tier 1 and Tier 2 suppliers, with offices in North America, Europe, and Asia. Autotalks stands out as the only provider of a comprehensive global V2X solution that meets stringent automotive safety and reliability standards, ensuring interoperability with various devices and protocols in diverse conditions.

NanoSteel is an advanced materials company focused on the design and commercialization of patented steels with superior mechanical properties derived from their nano-scale microstructure. It specializes in proprietary alloys intended for automotive lightweight applications, developing multiple generations of ferrous materials innovations, including metallic coatings and additive manufacturing powders. With over 300 patents filed and granted globally, NanoSteel's nanostructured steel designs deliver next-generation performance across various industrial sectors, including oil and gas, mining, cement, concrete, and power. Its advanced high strength steel (AHSS) sheet material is particularly significant, as it aims to transform steel usage in the automotive industry by enabling manufacturers to produce new, lightweight vehicles that comply with stringent fuel economy regulations while avoiding costly production processes.