Lightspeed Venture Partners

Cohere Technologies Inc. is a technology company specializing in wireless bandwidth applications, headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Founded in 2010, the company has developed a software solution that enhances the performance of mobile and wireless networks, specifically for 4G and 5G systems. Its innovative orthogonal time frequency and space (OTFS) modulation scheme addresses limitations in current technologies, such as TDMA and OFDM, to increase bandwidth and throughput. Additionally, Cohere Technologies is recognized as a pioneer in software-enhanced networks and is working towards solutions compliant with future 6G standards. Their offerings include spectrum multiplier software that improves channel detection, estimation, and precoding, thereby enhancing user experience and meeting the growing demand for wireless connectivity.

AudioMob Limited is a London-based company that specializes in advertising technology for the gaming industry. Established in 2019, it provides a platform that enables developers to monetize their games through non-intrusive audio advertisements. These ads are designed to enhance the gaming experience by allowing players to listen to them while engaging with the game, rather than interrupting gameplay. By integrating these audio ads, AudioMob helps brands connect with mobile gaming audiences, which can lead to improved player retention and more favorable reviews for games. The company was previously known as JUKEBOX TECHNOLOGY LTD before rebranding in July 2019.

Moveworks, Inc. develops a cloud-based AI platform that assists enterprises in resolving IT support issues for their employees. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Mountain View, California, with an additional office in Culver City, the company offers an AI assistant that automates various tasks, such as ordering hardware, raising software requests, and managing ticket statuses. Utilizing a conversational interface, Moveworks interprets complex employee requests and executes multi-step processes, adapting based on previous interactions. Its technology is employed by organizations like Databricks, Broadcom, Hearst, and Palo Alto Networks to enhance productivity, streamline workflows, and improve information retrieval across enterprise systems. The platform integrates with chat applications, such as Slack, to provide seamless user experiences and automatic solutions.

Infiot Inc. is an information technology company that specializes in a cloud-delivered architecture platform tailored for the Internet of Things (IoT) industry. Founded in 2018 and headquartered in San Jose, California, with an additional office in Chennai, India, Infiot's platform supports data collection, delivery, and storage essential for various commercial IoT services. It serves a diverse range of sectors, including education, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and financial services, by connecting remote users, fixed and mobile sites, and IoT devices over LTE and 5G networks. The company's solutions focus on enhancing security, optimizing performance, and ensuring compliance for its clients.

Moveworks, Inc. develops a cloud-based AI platform that assists enterprises in resolving IT support issues for their employees. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Mountain View, California, with an additional office in Culver City, the company offers an AI assistant that automates various tasks, such as ordering hardware, raising software requests, and managing ticket statuses. Utilizing a conversational interface, Moveworks interprets complex employee requests and executes multi-step processes, adapting based on previous interactions. Its technology is employed by organizations like Databricks, Broadcom, Hearst, and Palo Alto Networks to enhance productivity, streamline workflows, and improve information retrieval across enterprise systems. The platform integrates with chat applications, such as Slack, to provide seamless user experiences and automatic solutions.

Brandable, Inc. is a consumer packaged goods company founded in 2017 and based in Beverly Hills, California. It specializes in brand building services, including influencer acquisition and brand management, primarily in the toys, wellness, and food and drink sectors. Brandable creates, manufactures, and sells modern consumer-focused brands, emerging as a key supplier for major retailers in North America, including Walmart and Target. The company is recognized for its innovative approach to launching new consumer product brands, leveraging influencer-driven, omni-channel demand creation techniques. Through its diverse product offerings, which include items in feminine hygiene, Brandable aims to establish relevant and impactful brands in the market.

Moveworks, Inc. develops a cloud-based AI platform that assists enterprises in resolving IT support issues for their employees. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Mountain View, California, with an additional office in Culver City, the company offers an AI assistant that automates various tasks, such as ordering hardware, raising software requests, and managing ticket statuses. Utilizing a conversational interface, Moveworks interprets complex employee requests and executes multi-step processes, adapting based on previous interactions. Its technology is employed by organizations like Databricks, Broadcom, Hearst, and Palo Alto Networks to enhance productivity, streamline workflows, and improve information retrieval across enterprise systems. The platform integrates with chat applications, such as Slack, to provide seamless user experiences and automatic solutions.

Brandable, Inc. is a consumer packaged goods company founded in 2017 and based in Beverly Hills, California. It specializes in brand building services, including influencer acquisition and brand management, primarily in the toys, wellness, and food and drink sectors. Brandable creates, manufactures, and sells modern consumer-focused brands, emerging as a key supplier for major retailers in North America, including Walmart and Target. The company is recognized for its innovative approach to launching new consumer product brands, leveraging influencer-driven, omni-channel demand creation techniques. Through its diverse product offerings, which include items in feminine hygiene, Brandable aims to establish relevant and impactful brands in the market.

OKU TECH builds mobile first solutions for communication needs of different business verticals in India and emerging markets. We believe that WhatsApp and other messaging apps have given the first taste of the connected world to the businesses and they now need better, more precise and specialized solutions.

Trusted by leading brands, including 12 Fortune 500 enterprises, Numerify's System of Intelligence helps IT organizations plan, build, and run the systems that power more than $500B of commerce and achieve measurable ROI by becoming more efficient and agile while reducing risk and disruptions.

Tintri is an American information technology company that specializes in providing an enterprise cloud platform designed to integrate public cloud capabilities within private data centers. The platform combines cloud management software, web services, and all-flash storage systems, enabling organizations and cloud service providers to effectively manage enterprise and cloud-native applications. Tintri's architecture allows customers to guarantee application performance, automate IT tasks through Open APIs, and troubleshoot infrastructure issues. This flexibility and scalability make it a trusted choice for leading enterprises and cloud service providers, including Comcast, Chevron, NASA, Toyota, and United Healthcare, as they seek to modernize their data center operations.

OKU TECH builds mobile first solutions for communication needs of different business verticals in India and emerging markets. We believe that WhatsApp and other messaging apps have given the first taste of the connected world to the businesses and they now need better, more precise and specialized solutions.

Cohere Technologies Inc. is a technology company specializing in wireless bandwidth applications, headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Founded in 2010, the company has developed a software solution that enhances the performance of mobile and wireless networks, specifically for 4G and 5G systems. Its innovative orthogonal time frequency and space (OTFS) modulation scheme addresses limitations in current technologies, such as TDMA and OFDM, to increase bandwidth and throughput. Additionally, Cohere Technologies is recognized as a pioneer in software-enhanced networks and is working towards solutions compliant with future 6G standards. Their offerings include spectrum multiplier software that improves channel detection, estimation, and precoding, thereby enhancing user experience and meeting the growing demand for wireless connectivity.

Trusted by leading brands, including 12 Fortune 500 enterprises, Numerify's System of Intelligence helps IT organizations plan, build, and run the systems that power more than $500B of commerce and achieve measurable ROI by becoming more efficient and agile while reducing risk and disruptions.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Tintri is an American information technology company that specializes in providing an enterprise cloud platform designed to integrate public cloud capabilities within private data centers. The platform combines cloud management software, web services, and all-flash storage systems, enabling organizations and cloud service providers to effectively manage enterprise and cloud-native applications. Tintri's architecture allows customers to guarantee application performance, automate IT tasks through Open APIs, and troubleshoot infrastructure issues. This flexibility and scalability make it a trusted choice for leading enterprises and cloud service providers, including Comcast, Chevron, NASA, Toyota, and United Healthcare, as they seek to modernize their data center operations.

Trusted by leading brands, including 12 Fortune 500 enterprises, Numerify's System of Intelligence helps IT organizations plan, build, and run the systems that power more than $500B of commerce and achieve measurable ROI by becoming more efficient and agile while reducing risk and disruptions.

Affirmed Networks, Inc. specializes in mobile content cloud solutions, offering a range of services aimed at enhancing mobile data networks for customers globally. Founded in 2010 and headquartered in Acton, Massachusetts, the company provides virtualization and network functions that include a cloud-based virtual mobile network, service creation tools, and critical data communication services for the telecommunications sector. Its key offerings include the Affirmed Service Automation Platform, which helps mobile operators reduce time-to-market and operational costs for new services, as well as the Affirmed UnityCloud 5G core, a cloud-native solution designed to facilitate the deployment of 5G networks. By integrating advanced technologies like network slicing and optimized IoT access, Affirmed Networks enables communication service providers to scale efficiently while minimizing capital and operational expenditures associated with complex network infrastructures.

Affirmed Networks, Inc. specializes in mobile content cloud solutions, offering a range of services aimed at enhancing mobile data networks for customers globally. Founded in 2010 and headquartered in Acton, Massachusetts, the company provides virtualization and network functions that include a cloud-based virtual mobile network, service creation tools, and critical data communication services for the telecommunications sector. Its key offerings include the Affirmed Service Automation Platform, which helps mobile operators reduce time-to-market and operational costs for new services, as well as the Affirmed UnityCloud 5G core, a cloud-native solution designed to facilitate the deployment of 5G networks. By integrating advanced technologies like network slicing and optimized IoT access, Affirmed Networks enables communication service providers to scale efficiently while minimizing capital and operational expenditures associated with complex network infrastructures.

Tintri is an American information technology company that specializes in providing an enterprise cloud platform designed to integrate public cloud capabilities within private data centers. The platform combines cloud management software, web services, and all-flash storage systems, enabling organizations and cloud service providers to effectively manage enterprise and cloud-native applications. Tintri's architecture allows customers to guarantee application performance, automate IT tasks through Open APIs, and troubleshoot infrastructure issues. This flexibility and scalability make it a trusted choice for leading enterprises and cloud service providers, including Comcast, Chevron, NASA, Toyota, and United Healthcare, as they seek to modernize their data center operations.

Rhythm NewMedia specializes in mobile video advertising, connecting brand advertisers with engaged mobile audiences through the sale and distribution of video, rich media, and immersive advertising formats. The company collaborates with over 50 premium media partners, including major names such as NBC Universal, CBS, and Sony, to provide targeted advertising within high-quality content across a diverse portfolio of more than 200 properties. In 2011, Rhythm facilitated campaigns for over 200 top brand advertisers, including P&G, Unilever, and Disney, achieving significant engagement results. In addition to its advertising services, Rhythm also develops mobile applications and offers site design and media hosting services, enhancing its capabilities in the mobile advertising space.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Tintri is an American information technology company that specializes in providing an enterprise cloud platform designed to integrate public cloud capabilities within private data centers. The platform combines cloud management software, web services, and all-flash storage systems, enabling organizations and cloud service providers to effectively manage enterprise and cloud-native applications. Tintri's architecture allows customers to guarantee application performance, automate IT tasks through Open APIs, and troubleshoot infrastructure issues. This flexibility and scalability make it a trusted choice for leading enterprises and cloud service providers, including Comcast, Chevron, NASA, Toyota, and United Healthcare, as they seek to modernize their data center operations.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Tintri is an American information technology company that specializes in providing an enterprise cloud platform designed to integrate public cloud capabilities within private data centers. The platform combines cloud management software, web services, and all-flash storage systems, enabling organizations and cloud service providers to effectively manage enterprise and cloud-native applications. Tintri's architecture allows customers to guarantee application performance, automate IT tasks through Open APIs, and troubleshoot infrastructure issues. This flexibility and scalability make it a trusted choice for leading enterprises and cloud service providers, including Comcast, Chevron, NASA, Toyota, and United Healthcare, as they seek to modernize their data center operations.

Rhythm NewMedia specializes in mobile video advertising, connecting brand advertisers with engaged mobile audiences through the sale and distribution of video, rich media, and immersive advertising formats. The company collaborates with over 50 premium media partners, including major names such as NBC Universal, CBS, and Sony, to provide targeted advertising within high-quality content across a diverse portfolio of more than 200 properties. In 2011, Rhythm facilitated campaigns for over 200 top brand advertisers, including P&G, Unilever, and Disney, achieving significant engagement results. In addition to its advertising services, Rhythm also develops mobile applications and offers site design and media hosting services, enhancing its capabilities in the mobile advertising space.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Provigent Inc. is a fabless semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California, specializing in system-on-a-chip (SoC) solutions for the fixed wireless and cellular infrastructure markets. Founded in 2000, the company develops products such as the PVG610 and PVG610X SoCs, which facilitate broadband wireless transmission and support the transmission of orthogonally polarized signals at the same frequency. Additionally, Provigent offers the PVG310, which integrates baseband functionality for point-to-point wireless systems, alongside development kits like the PVG9610 and PVG350MDK to aid in the development of wireless solutions. The company's offerings are designed for applications including cellular backhaul networks, fixed wireless transmission, and private wireless networks, aiming to simplify operations and enhance internet connectivity.

Kosmix is a web navigation platform that allows users to explore the Internet by topic, presenting an organized dashboard of relevant videos, photos, news, commentary, and links. Founded in 2005 by Venky Harinarayan and Anand Rajaraman in Mountain View, California, Kosmix employs a content categorization engine to filter and organize information, helping users navigate the web effectively even when they are unsure of their specific interests. The company's initial foray into vertical search was marked by the launch of RightHealth.com, which has since become a leading health site. In 2008, Kosmix expanded its focus to provide a broader range of topic-based exploration. The company has received funding from notable investors, including Accel Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, and Bezos Expeditions, and aims to streamline the way users discover and interact with online content amidst the overwhelming volume of information available.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Strata8 is telecommunications consultant that owns cellular spectrum licenses to provide personal cellular services to enterprises.

Kosmix is a web navigation platform that allows users to explore the Internet by topic, presenting an organized dashboard of relevant videos, photos, news, commentary, and links. Founded in 2005 by Venky Harinarayan and Anand Rajaraman in Mountain View, California, Kosmix employs a content categorization engine to filter and organize information, helping users navigate the web effectively even when they are unsure of their specific interests. The company's initial foray into vertical search was marked by the launch of RightHealth.com, which has since become a leading health site. In 2008, Kosmix expanded its focus to provide a broader range of topic-based exploration. The company has received funding from notable investors, including Accel Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, and Bezos Expeditions, and aims to streamline the way users discover and interact with online content amidst the overwhelming volume of information available.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Rhythm NewMedia specializes in mobile video advertising, connecting brand advertisers with engaged mobile audiences through the sale and distribution of video, rich media, and immersive advertising formats. The company collaborates with over 50 premium media partners, including major names such as NBC Universal, CBS, and Sony, to provide targeted advertising within high-quality content across a diverse portfolio of more than 200 properties. In 2011, Rhythm facilitated campaigns for over 200 top brand advertisers, including P&G, Unilever, and Disney, achieving significant engagement results. In addition to its advertising services, Rhythm also develops mobile applications and offers site design and media hosting services, enhancing its capabilities in the mobile advertising space.

Kosmix is a web navigation platform that allows users to explore the Internet by topic, presenting an organized dashboard of relevant videos, photos, news, commentary, and links. Founded in 2005 by Venky Harinarayan and Anand Rajaraman in Mountain View, California, Kosmix employs a content categorization engine to filter and organize information, helping users navigate the web effectively even when they are unsure of their specific interests. The company's initial foray into vertical search was marked by the launch of RightHealth.com, which has since become a leading health site. In 2008, Kosmix expanded its focus to provide a broader range of topic-based exploration. The company has received funding from notable investors, including Accel Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, and Bezos Expeditions, and aims to streamline the way users discover and interact with online content amidst the overwhelming volume of information available.

Personeta, Inc. provides converged communication solutions for service providers in the United States and internationally. It offers TappS NSC, a service creation and execution platform that enables service providers to implement converged communication services. The company also provides Converged Office, a converged business communication solution that allows service providers to treat various combinations of communication devices as a single entity; Converged Life, a converged consumer communication suite, which enables service providers to create various service mash-ups under an application umbrella; and Next Generation IN solution, a suite of applications running on TappS NSC. Its solutions are used in fixed-mobile convergence, voice call continuity, and location-based services applications. The company serves business and consumer markets. Personeta, Inc. was founded in 2000 and is based in Fort Lee, New Jersey. As of October 19, 2009, Personeta, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Gallery IP Telephony Ltd.

Kosmix is a web navigation platform that allows users to explore the Internet by topic, presenting an organized dashboard of relevant videos, photos, news, commentary, and links. Founded in 2005 by Venky Harinarayan and Anand Rajaraman in Mountain View, California, Kosmix employs a content categorization engine to filter and organize information, helping users navigate the web effectively even when they are unsure of their specific interests. The company's initial foray into vertical search was marked by the launch of RightHealth.com, which has since become a leading health site. In 2008, Kosmix expanded its focus to provide a broader range of topic-based exploration. The company has received funding from notable investors, including Accel Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, and Bezos Expeditions, and aims to streamline the way users discover and interact with online content amidst the overwhelming volume of information available.

Aquantia Corp specializes in the design, development, and marketing of high-speed communication integrated circuits for Ethernet connectivity, targeting data center, enterprise infrastructure, and access markets. The company creates solutions that serve as a crucial link between high-speed analog signals and digital information in computing and networking equipment. By focusing on delivering advanced data speeds, Aquantia addresses network bandwidth bottlenecks arising from the rapid increase in Internet Protocol traffic. With a team of experts experienced in technology development and signal processing, Aquantia is well-equipped to innovate in the fast-evolving landscape of Ethernet solutions.

Traverse Networks is a leading supplier of enhanced voice services technology to communications service providers in the US. With unique and highly scalable technology, Traverse Networks helps partners generate new revenue streams by complementing existing products or enabling the creation of new enhanced services.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Apptera is a mobile communications and advertising company with their flagship consumer product Raved. Their Apptera MobileAd Network provides a powerful way for advertisers to engage and interact with millions of mobile consumers through unique set of publisher partners including AOL Moviefone, 1-800-FANDANGO, Movietickets.com, Mozes, UpSnap, RH Brands, TapFury, and more. Apptera has been recognized with numerous industry awards including, most recently, the 2011 OnMobile 100 Top Private Companies and holds numerous patents for their communications technology. Founded in 2001, Apptera is a privately held, venture-financed company headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in New York and Los Angeles.

Waveset Technologies is a provider of infrastructure solutions that enable online business-to-business interaction.

Waveset Technologies is a provider of infrastructure solutions that enable online business-to-business interaction.

Telespree offers a cloud-based mobile services platform designed to enhance the customer experience for wireless service providers, carriers, retailers, and MVNOs. By transforming any wireless device into a self-service terminal, Telespree allows users to activate, program, enroll in services, and manage their accounts independently, without the need for sales clerks or call centers. This innovative approach not only reduces customer care and distribution costs but also enables providers to engage with users through targeted plans and advertising, thus creating new revenue opportunities. The platform supports a wide range of devices, including handsets, laptops, data cards, and telemetry modules, facilitating session monitoring, policy management, and real-time charging.

Waveset Technologies is a provider of infrastructure solutions that enable online business-to-business interaction.

Metro-Optix develops hardware for telecommunications companies that want to transition from circuit-based services to cell- and packet-based services. The hardware essentially reduces the number of hardware boxes needed, such as routers, which the networks feed into.