European Innovation Council

Leveraging cutting-edge quantum detectors, we design light, portable, and performing MRI machines working at ultra-low magnetic fields for a tenth of current prices.

AMT Medical B.V., founded in 2015 and based in Ede, the Netherlands, specializes in developing innovative devices for heart bypass surgery. The company has created the AMT Heart Bypass System, which utilizes the ELANA bypass technique, originally developed by neurosurgeon Prof. Dr. C.A.F. Tulleken and his team. This minimal invasive approach aims to enhance traditional heart bypass procedures by making them faster, safer, and less invasive, ultimately improving patient outcomes and recovery times. The AMT Heart Bypass System has completed its development and production processes, as well as all pre-clinical trials. A clinical multi-center trial is set to begin in late 2019 or early 2020, marking a significant step in bringing this advanced technology to the medical community.

QDI Systems B.V. is a startup based in Groningen, the Netherlands, specializing in the development of advanced imaging devices for medical applications using quantum dot technology. The company focuses on creating X-ray sensors that deliver high-contrast and high-resolution mammograms, allowing for improved diagnostic capabilities while minimizing radiation exposure for patients. QDI Systems emphasizes user-friendliness by providing accessible quantum dot materials along with comprehensive instructions for constructing high-performance imaging devices. This approach enables healthcare professionals to obtain precise medical images, enhancing the overall efficacy of diagnostic procedures.

QDI Systems B.V. is a startup based in Groningen, the Netherlands, specializing in the development of advanced imaging devices for medical applications using quantum dot technology. The company focuses on creating X-ray sensors that deliver high-contrast and high-resolution mammograms, allowing for improved diagnostic capabilities while minimizing radiation exposure for patients. QDI Systems emphasizes user-friendliness by providing accessible quantum dot materials along with comprehensive instructions for constructing high-performance imaging devices. This approach enables healthcare professionals to obtain precise medical images, enhancing the overall efficacy of diagnostic procedures.

TENSIVE s.r.l. is a biomedical company based in Milan, Italy, founded in 2012. It specializes in the development of innovative prostheses for natural breast reconstruction and augmentation. The company's products utilize biodegradable synthetic biomaterials and feature an internal micro-architecture that mimics blood vessel structures. These vascularized prostheses aim to enhance the quality of life for patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer, offering a solution that reduces the need for recurrent and costly surgical interventions. Through its focus on advanced biomaterials and design, TENSIVE seeks to provide effective and sustainable options for breast reconstruction.

Patient-specific right heart pumps that free patients from heavy battery packages and increase patient's quality of life.

Endoron Medical specializes in the development of medical devices aimed at improving the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The company focuses on creating an endovascular suture device that enhances the effectiveness of endovascular aneurysm repair procedures. By designing long-lasting sealing equipment for endografts, Endoron Medical provides healthcare professionals with advanced technology to treat patients more effectively. This innovation is intended to improve patient outcomes and streamline surgical processes in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

UroMems is a company dedicated to addressing specific clinical needs related to patient care, particularly in the area of urology. It develops implantable medical devices aimed at enhancing existing surgical treatments, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing side effects. By focusing on innovative solutions, UroMems seeks to ensure that more patients can access effective treatments quickly, ultimately aiming to enhance their quality of life. The company is committed to the design, development, and commercialization of these active implantable devices, which reflect a deep understanding of the challenges faced by patients.

Vitestro is a company focused on enhancing patient care through innovative autonomous blood drawing technology. It develops medical robotic devices tailored for use in hospitals and clinical laboratories. The company’s key product utilizes multi-dimensional ultrasound to detect nerves and arteries, leveraging deep learning to minimize the risk of arterial complications during blood draws. This advanced technology not only aids healthcare professionals in performing procedures with greater precision but also aims to improve overall patient health outcomes by reducing complications associated with traditional blood collection methods.

Quantum Diamonds specializes in the development of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamonds for quantum sensing applications. The company offers advanced quantum sensors that measure magnetic fields, temperature, and pressure, providing superior sensitivity and resolution compared to traditional sensors. These sensors are designed for use in various fields, including navigation, bio-imaging, geographical surveying, and spectroscopy, even under challenging conditions. By focusing on atom-sized quantum technologies, Quantum Diamonds enables industries and academic institutions to conduct precise analyses, optimizing for factors such as crystal lattice strain and charge state stability.

Methinks is a developer of a medical imaging platform that leverages advanced artificial intelligence techniques, including Google's TensorFlow, to enhance the diagnosis of brain-related diseases, particularly acute stroke. The platform facilitates timely and universal diagnosis by using non-contrast CT imaging, which eliminates the need for contrast CT scans and significantly reduces time-to-treatment. This capability enables radiologists to effectively communicate with hospitals, stroke units, and other healthcare professionals, thereby improving the overall clinical response to stroke cases. By focusing on specific pathologies, Methinks aims to achieve clinical excellence in the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions.

NEOGAP Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical startup focused on immuno oncology. Their pharmaceutical product, personalized tumor trained lymphocytes, offers even one customized cell treatment that is meant to precisely target and destroy cancer in a tailored environment, with very minor side effects.

Microsure is a medical device company based in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, founded in 2014. It specializes in developing innovative solutions for microsurgery, a field that operates at the limits of physical capabilities. The company's flagship product is a motion stabilizer system designed specifically for microsurgeons, which enhances surgical precision by filtering out tremors and providing exceptional control during procedures. This technology allows for hybrid microsurgical procedures that enable surgeons to utilize their own instruments, thereby reducing costs for hospitals. The Microsure motion stabilizer has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical trials, including successful operations for lymphedema. By improving the quality of microsurgical procedures, the company aims to expand treatment options for patients and facilitate the development of new, highly accurate surgical techniques.

RUBYnanomed provides non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. They enable the analysis of their phenotypic, genetic, and functional characteristics, facilitating unprecedentedly frequent monitoring of cancer progression in a minimally invasive, cost-efficient way. They enable oncologists to detect and analyze the evolution of cancer subtypes and therapeutic resistance mechanisms in each patient, providing personalized therapy insights to treat their patients.

Xeltis is a clinical-stage medical device company focused on transforming cardiovascular treatment through innovative restorative technologies. The company has developed advanced polymer-based devices, including bioabsorbable heart valves and implantable small diameter blood vessels, intended for hemodialysis vascular access and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These devices leverage proprietary technology to facilitate endogenous tissue restoration, allowing the body to naturally regenerate the complex structures being replaced. Xeltis emerged from the merger of two university spin-offs from the Netherlands and Switzerland and operates in both the Netherlands and the USA. The company is backed by several venture capital firms and has secured significant funding from the European Investment Bank and the European Innovation Council Accelerator. Currently, Xeltis is conducting ongoing clinical trials to advance its restorative cardiovascular solutions.

Rockfield Medical Devices is a small to medium-sized enterprise focused on transforming the enteral feeding market through innovative design and user-centered solutions. Founded by a team of experts in the medical device industry and research, the company aims to enhance the mobility and quality of life for individuals relying on tube feeding. Rockfield's platform introduces a lightweight and discreet mobile feeding system that significantly improves user experience while reducing technical support and maintenance costs for sales partners. Through its commitment to innovation and usability, Rockfield strives to deliver exemplary satisfaction to end users in the enteral feeding community.

CarThera is a clinical-stage medtech company focused on developing innovative ultrasound-based medical devices aimed at treating brain disorders. The company has created the SonoCloud®, an intracranial ultrasound implant that works in conjunction with a microbubble agent administered intravenously. This combination temporarily opens the blood-brain barrier, allowing for a significantly increased concentration of therapeutic molecules to penetrate the brain. By enhancing the delivery of treatments, CarThera's technology offers potential solutions for debilitating neurological conditions, providing healthcare professionals with new avenues for patient care.

EBAMed SA is a Swiss startup based in Geneva, established in 2018, that focuses on developing innovative medical technology for treating heart arrhythmias. The company is working on an ultrasound-based device designed to monitor heart motion and facilitate non-invasive ablation therapy using proton beams. This technology aims to provide a safe and effective alternative for patients by allowing real-time synchronization of proton therapy with heart movement. By integrating both hardware and software components, EBAMed's device enhances treatment capabilities for existing proton therapy centers, enabling them to offer advanced, non-invasive treatment options for cardiac patients in an outpatient setting.

Escala Medical is focused on developing a minimally invasive medical device aimed at treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women. The company's innovative system offers a nonsurgical, incision-free, and mesh-free repair option that addresses the vaginal apex by connecting it to the sacrospinous ligament. This approach is designed to be safe, quick, and to preserve organ functionality while minimizing patient discomfort. The procedure can be performed in outpatient and office-based settings, providing a much-needed alternative for women suffering from POP.

Escala Medical is focused on developing a minimally invasive medical device aimed at treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women. The company's innovative system offers a nonsurgical, incision-free, and mesh-free repair option that addresses the vaginal apex by connecting it to the sacrospinous ligament. This approach is designed to be safe, quick, and to preserve organ functionality while minimizing patient discomfort. The procedure can be performed in outpatient and office-based settings, providing a much-needed alternative for women suffering from POP.

Bluedrop Medical Limited specializes in developing, manufacturing, and commercializing an Internet of Things-enabled device designed for the early detection of diabetic foot ulcers. Founded in 2014 and based in Galway, Ireland, the company offers a home-based system that conducts daily scans of patients' feet. This data is then transmitted to the cloud for analysis using advanced algorithms capable of identifying abnormalities. By detecting skin damage early, the device aims to significantly reduce the risk of amputation, which is a critical concern as up to 25% of individuals with diabetes may develop foot ulcers, often due to peripheral neuropathy. The innovative technology not only enhances patient care but also has the potential to lower healthcare costs associated with severe complications arising from untreated foot ulcers.

Sunrise focuses on addressing the widespread issue of sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea, which affects nearly one billion people globally. The company has developed a 3-gram sensor that provides a rapid, at-home diagnosis of sleep apnea, utilizing trigeminal drive analysis to detect respiratory events. This certified medical device connects seamlessly to a smartphone, allowing for easy use and immediate results. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Sunrise's technology matches the accuracy of traditional in-lab sleep studies but at a significantly lower cost. After testing, patients can consult with certified sleep doctors online or visit local sleep centers, streamlining the diagnostic process. With a large percentage of sleep apnea cases remaining undiagnosed, Sunrise offers a crucial solution for patients, caregivers, and insurers, enhancing the accessibility and efficiency of sleep disorder diagnostics.

Ganymed Robotics SAS is a medical device company based in Paris, France, established in 2018. The company specializes in developing advanced robotics technologies and software aimed at enhancing surgical precision in orthopedic procedures, particularly focusing on knee replacement surgeries. Its innovative therapeutic device is designed to improve patient outcomes and streamline the surgical process, enabling orthopedic surgeons to reduce operating times and enhance their overall experience. By integrating robotics into surgical practices, Ganymed Robotics aims to advance the efficiency of care delivery in the orthopedic field.

Sonio is an AI-based support platform for fetal ultrasound, helping practitioners analyze and diagnose congenital malformations. Sonio combines the patient’s medical history, genetic and biological data, and ultrasound semiology to assist physicians on the path to the right diagnosis. It assists sonographers during prenatal screening scans, helping them ensure that they have not forgotten anything, take risk factors into account, and facilitate the sharing of images with patients and other health professionals.

Dxcover is a clinical-stage liquid biopsy company based in Glasgow, founded in 2016 by David S Palmer, Holly Butler, and Matthew Baker. The firm focuses on developing innovative diagnostics for the early detection of various cancers, which is crucial for improving treatment outcomes. Dxcover has pioneered the use of infrared spectroscopy combined with artificial intelligence to analyze circulating pan-omic indicators, allowing for the identification of cancer from a simple blood sample. This approach enables same-day diagnosis and patient stratification, facilitating timely interventions. The company has demonstrated strong clinical data supporting the accurate diagnosis of Stage I and Stage II cancers, underscoring its commitment to enhancing survival rates and quality of life for patients.

iThera Medical specializes in advanced biomedical imaging technology, focusing on photonic molecular imaging. Founded in 2010 as a spin-off from the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, the company collaborates with this research center to enhance its proprietary Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) technology. This innovative approach provides real-time visualization of anatomical, functional, and molecular information within living tissue, which aids in the detection of tumors and inflammatory diseases. By enabling non-invasive diagnostic capabilities, iThera Medical supports both preclinical and clinical applications, offering significant advancements in medical imaging and patient care.

Sonio is an AI-based support platform for fetal ultrasound, helping practitioners analyze and diagnose congenital malformations. Sonio combines the patient’s medical history, genetic and biological data, and ultrasound semiology to assist physicians on the path to the right diagnosis. It assists sonographers during prenatal screening scans, helping them ensure that they have not forgotten anything, take risk factors into account, and facilitate the sharing of images with patients and other health professionals.

CorWave is a developer of advanced implanted cardiac support devices aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with heart failure. The company's flagship product, an innovative left ventricular assist device (LVAD), employs a unique undulating disc wave pumping mechanism. This design enhances blood flow by mimicking the natural pulsation of the heart, significantly reducing trauma to blood and minimizing complications associated with clotting and bleeding, which are common with traditional continuous flow pumps. Additionally, CorWave's LVAD is characterized by low power consumption and compact size, making it suitable for complete implantation and integration with a wireless energy transfer system. Through its pioneering technology, CorWave seeks to alleviate the burdens of heart failure and lessen the need for invasive surgical interventions.

CARMAT is a France-based medtech company that specializes in the development and manufacture of bioprosthetic artificial hearts aimed at treating patients with severe heart failure. Founded in 2008 and located in Vélizy-Villacoublay, the company produces biocompatible and auto-regulated total artificial hearts that closely mimic the human heart's functionality. These devices are designed for individuals experiencing chronic terminal heart failure classified as NYHA class IV or those suffering from acute terminal heart failure following a major heart attack. CARMAT's innovative solutions target patients who are not suitable for heart transplantation and have exhausted other treatment options, providing a reliable new therapeutic alternative. In addition to the artificial hearts, CARMAT also develops the associated power supply and control systems, including remote diagnosis capabilities.

ABCDx SA is a Swiss company founded in 2014 that specializes in the development, validation, and application of biomarker tests for brain injury treatment. The company focuses on creating biomarker panels designed to identify and diagnose patients at risk for severe long-term complications resulting from conditions such as traumatic brain injuries, strokes, and post-stroke infections. The founders are prominent researchers from the University of Geneva and the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, bringing significant expertise in biomarker discovery and clinical application. They are complemented by a third founder with extensive experience in the diagnostic and pharmaceutical industries, enhancing the company’s capacity to innovate in brain health diagnostics.

timeisbrain is a medical device for improving the diagnostics and prognostics of acute ischaemic stroke

Newronika is a company focused on restoring brain and body functions through innovative neuro-modulation technologies. It develops therapeutic devices that utilize a retro-activity system to record brain activity and modulate neuro-stimulation. By collecting, analyzing, and interpreting bio-signals, Newronika enables patients to receive timely stimulation, allowing them to engage in normal daily activities and enhance their quality of life. As a spin-off from prominent Italian research institutions, including the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Hospital and the University of Milan, Newronika benefits from a multidisciplinary team of experts in various fields such as neuroscience, neurophysiology, biomedical engineering, and neuropsychology.

Alesi Surgical Ltd. specializes in the development and commercialization of laparoscopic surgical smoke handling systems aimed at enhancing the safety and outcomes of surgical procedures. Founded in 2009 and based in Cardiff, United Kingdom, the company emerged as a spin-out from the Welsh Institute for Minimal Access Therapy, benefiting from direct access to experienced surgeons and surgical trainers. Alesi Surgical's innovative products are designed to be portable and applicable in both laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgeries. Utilizing electrostatic precipitation technology, these tools effectively eliminate surgical smoke, ensuring a clear visual field during procedures. Alesi Surgical distributes its products to hospitals across Europe, the Middle East, New Zealand, and Australia.

Afon Technology provides non-invasive blood glucose monitoring devices. Their services are non-invasive, pain-free, blood glucose tracking in real-time, continuous detection, potential pre-diabetic identification, alarm alerts, trend profiles, and time-in-range profiles, bluetooth connectivity to smart devices, ios, and android compatible stand-alone sensors, and user interface via app on smart device services.

CARMAT is a France-based medtech company that specializes in the development and manufacture of bioprosthetic artificial hearts aimed at treating patients with severe heart failure. Founded in 2008 and located in Vélizy-Villacoublay, the company produces biocompatible and auto-regulated total artificial hearts that closely mimic the human heart's functionality. These devices are designed for individuals experiencing chronic terminal heart failure classified as NYHA class IV or those suffering from acute terminal heart failure following a major heart attack. CARMAT's innovative solutions target patients who are not suitable for heart transplantation and have exhausted other treatment options, providing a reliable new therapeutic alternative. In addition to the artificial hearts, CARMAT also develops the associated power supply and control systems, including remote diagnosis capabilities.

Akknatek specializes in developing innovative optical testing products aimed at improving postoperative management of intraocular lenses (IOLs). The company's patented lens reviewer technology enhances patients' visual outcomes, particularly for those experiencing dislocated IOLs following cataract surgery. By providing clear protocols for treatment, the lens reviewer minimizes the risk of unexpected refractive complications and decreases the need for additional refractive procedures. This streamlined approach to postoperative monitoring not only aids clinics in managing IOL placements but also fosters greater confidence in IOL implantations, ultimately benefiting patient care and outcomes.

Precisis is a medical technology company based in Heidelberg, Germany, founded in 2004. The company focuses on developing innovative medical devices aimed at treating epilepsy and enhancing patients' quality of life. Their flagship product involves a device that delivers individualized brain stimulation through a surgical procedure. This device is precisely positioned beneath the scalp over the epileptic origin in the brain, allowing for targeted therapeutic currents to be directed at specific areas without direct contact with the brain. This approach aims to provide deep and focused stimulation to effectively manage epilepsy.

CYTO365 specializes in the design and manufacturing of intravenous inlets, specifically the RondelO multi inlet stopcock. This product is intended for integration into IV sets to address drug incompatibility issues that can arise during parallel infusion. The company’s patented Luer inlets feature an automatic flushing mechanism, ensuring that a flushing fluid is readily available. This design provides an additional layer of security for drug administration by preventing the mixing of incompatible medications and facilitating effective rinsing of the infusion tube. Through its innovative solutions, CYTO365 aims to enhance patient safety during infusion therapy.

FEops is a pioneer in physics-based simulations specifically tailored for minimally invasive cardiovascular devices and procedures. The company develops advanced cardiac imaging technology that enhances personalized treatment for patients with structural heart disease. By utilizing artificial intelligence to conduct anatomical analyses, FEops provides data-driven insights that improve transcatheter valve procedures through personalized computer simulations. This approach offers medical device companies and healthcare professionals unique insights that streamline research and development processes, enhance procedural efficiency, and ultimately improve clinical outcomes and patient safety. Additionally, FEops supports medical specialists and physicians with patient-specific information, facilitating more effective treatments.

Positrigo AG is a Swiss company based in Zurich that specializes in the development, production, and sales of dedicated brain positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. Founded in 2018, Positrigo focuses on making functional brain imaging accessible for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The company provides advanced scanning solutions that aid in diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and the development of new therapies for conditions such as Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. By enabling early diagnosis in an affordable manner, Positrigo aims to improve patient outcomes and support healthcare professionals in managing these complex medical conditions.

Ostoform is a spin-out medical device company from the University of Limerick, Ireland with a range of patented technologies, and the potential to scale, becoming a global leader in the area of ostomy skin health.

Fineheart is a France-based medical device company that specializes in innovative technologies aimed at addressing cardiovascular diseases. The company is developing an implantable cardiac device that is wirelessly powered and fully implantable, designed to provide mechanical circulatory support. This novel device optimizes cardiac output while preserving the heart's natural contractility, thereby enabling patients with heart failure to restore normal cardiac function and improve their quality of life. Fineheart's focus on advanced medical solutions positions it as a key player in the evolving landscape of cardiovascular care.

Fineheart is a France-based medical device company that specializes in innovative technologies aimed at addressing cardiovascular diseases. The company is developing an implantable cardiac device that is wirelessly powered and fully implantable, designed to provide mechanical circulatory support. This novel device optimizes cardiac output while preserving the heart's natural contractility, thereby enabling patients with heart failure to restore normal cardiac function and improve their quality of life. Fineheart's focus on advanced medical solutions positions it as a key player in the evolving landscape of cardiovascular care.

AVVie GmbH is a medical device startup dedicated to creating minimally invasive implants for heart valve repair, specifically targeting mitral regurgitation. This condition arises when the mitral valve leaflets fail to close properly, potentially leading to heart failure over time. The company's flagship product, the Mitral Butterfly® implant, is delivered via a catheter, allowing for a less invasive alternative to open-heart surgery. This approach not only shortens hospitalization times, thereby reducing costs, but also expands treatment options for patients who may not qualify for traditional surgery. The implant features a one-stage delivery system and a design that allows the valve leaflets to maintain normal function after implantation. The entire procedure for repairing the diseased valve is completed in under 12 minutes, offering significant advantages over competitors' more complex multiple-stage methods.

Methinks is a developer of a medical imaging platform that leverages advanced artificial intelligence techniques, including Google's TensorFlow, to enhance the diagnosis of brain-related diseases, particularly acute stroke. The platform facilitates timely and universal diagnosis by using non-contrast CT imaging, which eliminates the need for contrast CT scans and significantly reduces time-to-treatment. This capability enables radiologists to effectively communicate with hospitals, stroke units, and other healthcare professionals, thereby improving the overall clinical response to stroke cases. By focusing on specific pathologies, Methinks aims to achieve clinical excellence in the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions.

Orixha specializes in the development of an innovative cooling device aimed at improving patient outcomes following cardiac arrest. This device utilizes a dedicated liquid ventilator that performs total liquid ventilation by filling the lungs with liquid perfluorocarbons. This method leverages the high gas solubility and large pulmonary surfaces to transform the lungs into an efficient heat exchange chamber with the bloodstream. By doing so, Orixha's technology helps protect vital organs from damage caused by reperfusion, thereby enhancing the prognosis for patients in critical conditions.

Nanordica Medical is an Estonian medical technology company providing the first-line treatment for chronic wounds based on unique patented nanotechnology, a synergy of copper and silver in nanofibers that remove infection and support wound healing. Nanordica Medical launched a veterinary product Ravimus Vet for animal wounds (https://nanordica.com/ravimus.html) and is developing a first-in-class wound dressing for human hard-to-heal wounds like diabetic foot ulcers. They recently completed a clinical trial showing consistently better results in nearly all efficacy parameters observed among the patients treated with the Nanordica wound dressing than those treated with the commercially available silver ions-based active dressing.

neuroClues provides easy-to-use eye-tracking environment to help practitioners instantaneously quantify their clinical exam.

CYTO365 specializes in the design and manufacturing of intravenous inlets, specifically the RondelO multi inlet stopcock. This product is intended for integration into IV sets to address drug incompatibility issues that can arise during parallel infusion. The company’s patented Luer inlets feature an automatic flushing mechanism, ensuring that a flushing fluid is readily available. This design provides an additional layer of security for drug administration by preventing the mixing of incompatible medications and facilitating effective rinsing of the infusion tube. Through its innovative solutions, CYTO365 aims to enhance patient safety during infusion therapy.

AcouSort is a Swedish company specializing in the development and sale of laboratory products and integrated solutions that utilize ultrasound technology for the separation, washing, and enrichment of biological samples. Its offerings cater to researchers and life science companies, focusing on the automated preparation of samples such as blood cells, bacteria, and extracellular vesicles. The technology is rooted in acoustofluidics research from the esteemed group led by Professor Thomas Laurell at Lund University's Department of Biomedical Engineering. Key products include AcouTrap, AcouWash, and AcouPlasma, which facilitate efficient handling of microscopic particles in microfluidic channels for research and diagnostic applications.

AMT Medical B.V., founded in 2015 and based in Ede, the Netherlands, specializes in developing innovative devices for heart bypass surgery. The company has created the AMT Heart Bypass System, which utilizes the ELANA bypass technique, originally developed by neurosurgeon Prof. Dr. C.A.F. Tulleken and his team. This minimal invasive approach aims to enhance traditional heart bypass procedures by making them faster, safer, and less invasive, ultimately improving patient outcomes and recovery times. The AMT Heart Bypass System has completed its development and production processes, as well as all pre-clinical trials. A clinical multi-center trial is set to begin in late 2019 or early 2020, marking a significant step in bringing this advanced technology to the medical community.

Ganymed Robotics SAS is a medical device company based in Paris, France, established in 2018. The company specializes in developing advanced robotics technologies and software aimed at enhancing surgical precision in orthopedic procedures, particularly focusing on knee replacement surgeries. Its innovative therapeutic device is designed to improve patient outcomes and streamline the surgical process, enabling orthopedic surgeons to reduce operating times and enhance their overall experience. By integrating robotics into surgical practices, Ganymed Robotics aims to advance the efficiency of care delivery in the orthopedic field.

Restore Medical is a medical device company focused on treating congestive heart failure, specifically targeting patients with left ventricle failure. Founded in 2016 and based in Or Yehuda, Israel, the company offers ContraBand, a catheter-delivered implant designed for placement in the pulmonary arteries. This innovative device aims to enhance left ventricle ejection fraction, decrease mitral regurgitation, and restore favorable ventricular geometry. By improving patient outcomes, Restore Medical's solutions contribute to a better quality of life and aim to reduce the rates of hospital readmission among affected individuals.

Ovagen is a biotechnology company specializing in the large-scale production of germ-free chicken eggs and birds, primarily for the pharmaceutical industry. The company's innovative process utilizes a transgenic chicken platform to produce recombinant proteins to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. This technology provides pharmaceutical companies with a biosecure and flexible biomanufacturing solution for developing vaccines and therapeutic proteins. In addition to its core offerings, Ovagen also provides Contract Research Services and has expertise in specific poultry and rodent research technologies, as well as in SPF poultry and rodent housing and husbandry.

Reactive Robotics GmbH, founded in April 2015 and based in Gilching, Germany, specializes in the design, manufacture, and sale of rehabilitation robots aimed at early movement rehabilitation following neurological injuries and orthopedic surgeries. The company focuses on gait rehabilitation for neurological patients and assists orthopedic patients recovering from joint replacements. With a team that has over 12 years of experience in rehabilitation robotics, Reactive Robotics benefits from a robust clinical network and a group of advisors who provide guidance on engineering, legal matters, and medical device registration. Additionally, the company develops AI-driven robotic systems that support very early mobilization therapy, facilitating faster recovery for patients in intensive care units while alleviating the workload of nursing staff.

AuriGen Medical Limited is an electrophysiology and structural heart company based in Dublin, Ireland, founded in 2016. The company focuses on developing innovative left atrial appendage (LAA) implants designed to address the stroke and arrhythmia risks associated with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). AuriGen's technology targets highly symptomatic patients who are resistant to medication, a demographic that includes over 3 million individuals in the United States and Europe. The rising incidence of AF, particularly among aging populations, underscores the urgent need for effective treatment alternatives. AuriGen's devices incorporate custom LAA occluder implants and are designed to enhance patient outcomes by reducing reliance on anticoagulants and anti-arrhythmic medications. With the annual costs of managing medication-resistant AF running into billions, AuriGen aims to provide cost-effective solutions that improve treatment efficacy and patient quality of life.

Lindhe Xtend has develops and sells user-friendly and flexible prostheses and accessories.The goal is to give amputated opportunity to live a free and moving life with high quality of life. The protests are developed in close cooperation with users under the "make it possible" draft.

GlucoSet is a medical device company focused on advancing sensor technology for glucose monitoring in intensive care units (ICUs). Elevated and unstable blood glucose levels in ICU patients can lead to serious complications, including infections, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. To address this issue, GlucoSet has developed an intravascular sensor that provides continuous and precise measurements of blood glucose levels. This innovative system enhances clinicians' ability to normalize glucose levels effectively while minimizing the risk of sudden, dangerously low glucose occurrences. By improving glucose control, GlucoSet aims to reduce complications and healthcare costs associated with ICU patient care.

GlucoSet is a medical device company focused on advancing sensor technology for glucose monitoring in intensive care units (ICUs). Elevated and unstable blood glucose levels in ICU patients can lead to serious complications, including infections, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. To address this issue, GlucoSet has developed an intravascular sensor that provides continuous and precise measurements of blood glucose levels. This innovative system enhances clinicians' ability to normalize glucose levels effectively while minimizing the risk of sudden, dangerously low glucose occurrences. By improving glucose control, GlucoSet aims to reduce complications and healthcare costs associated with ICU patient care.

Endoron Medical specializes in the development of medical devices aimed at improving the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The company focuses on creating an endovascular suture device that enhances the effectiveness of endovascular aneurysm repair procedures. By designing long-lasting sealing equipment for endografts, Endoron Medical provides healthcare professionals with advanced technology to treat patients more effectively. This innovation is intended to improve patient outcomes and streamline surgical processes in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Lindhe Xtend has develops and sells user-friendly and flexible prostheses and accessories.The goal is to give amputated opportunity to live a free and moving life with high quality of life. The protests are developed in close cooperation with users under the "make it possible" draft.

Orixha specializes in the development of an innovative cooling device aimed at improving patient outcomes following cardiac arrest. This device utilizes a dedicated liquid ventilator that performs total liquid ventilation by filling the lungs with liquid perfluorocarbons. This method leverages the high gas solubility and large pulmonary surfaces to transform the lungs into an efficient heat exchange chamber with the bloodstream. By doing so, Orixha's technology helps protect vital organs from damage caused by reperfusion, thereby enhancing the prognosis for patients in critical conditions.

Limula is a company that has developed an innovative platform technology designed to enhance the scalability of cell therapy production. By integrating a bioreactor and a centrifuge into a single device, Limula's solution enables healthcare providers to manufacture cell and gene therapies in a decentralized manner, bringing these treatments closer to patients. This platform, which includes hardware, software, and consumables, aims to make highly personalized and curative therapies more accessible. The automation of the production process not only increases safety and reproducibility but also allows for the large-scale manufacturing of cell therapy products, thereby addressing the critical need for improved access to gene-engineered therapies.

Hy2Care BV is a start-up based at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, focused on developing a groundbreaking treatment for osteoarthritis, a condition affecting over 100 million patients in the Western world. The company's primary product is an injectable hydrogel, designed to repair cartilage defects, particularly in the knee. This bioresorbable hydrogel consists of a two-component system made from natural polymer conjugates that undergo a mild enzymatic reaction to create a functional repair solution for cartilage damage. Hy2Care aims to significantly improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from osteoarthritis by providing an effective and innovative treatment option.

Loci Orthopaedics Limited, based in Upper Newcastle, Ireland, specializes in developing innovative medical technologies to address significant unmet clinical needs in orthopedics. Founded in 2017, the company focuses on creating surgical implants, particularly the InDx implant, which is designed to treat arthritis in the thumb base joint. This implant uniquely mimics the natural motions of the thumb joint, offering a less invasive and easier insertion method compared to existing surgical options. Additionally, Loci Orthopaedics is known for its Osteoanchor surface architecture, which is based on evidence-based designs, enabling clinicians to effectively address challenges in orthopedic extremities.

Loci Orthopaedics Limited, based in Upper Newcastle, Ireland, specializes in developing innovative medical technologies to address significant unmet clinical needs in orthopedics. Founded in 2017, the company focuses on creating surgical implants, particularly the InDx implant, which is designed to treat arthritis in the thumb base joint. This implant uniquely mimics the natural motions of the thumb joint, offering a less invasive and easier insertion method compared to existing surgical options. Additionally, Loci Orthopaedics is known for its Osteoanchor surface architecture, which is based on evidence-based designs, enabling clinicians to effectively address challenges in orthopedic extremities.

Nuclidium focuses on enhancing cancer detection and staging to improve treatment options and long-term survival for patients. The company develops innovative radiopharmaceutical tracers aimed at targeting cancer diagnostics. Its platform allows for the identification of specific target molecules on tumors, enabling the application of therapeutic tracers with similar chemical properties and biological targets. This approach aims to facilitate affordable and effective personalized treatment for cancer patients, addressing significant unmet needs in the field.

Piomic is a developer of a non-invasive medical device aimed at treating chronic wounds, particularly in patients with hard-to-heal leg and foot ulcers. The company's flagship product, the COMS® One Therapy System, is a portable, hand-held device that uses optical and magnetic stimulation technologies to promote wound healing. Clinical studies demonstrate that this device is safe and effective, leading to accelerated wound closure, reduced pain, and improved quality of life for patients. Designed for ease of use, the device features a single-button operation and can be utilized in various settings, including stationary and ambulatory facilities, as well as in patients’ homes. By focusing on a therapy that provides significant benefits, Piomic seeks to improve the treatment outcomes for individuals suffering from chronic wounds and alleviate the cost burden on healthcare systems.

Artiria Medical SA develops innovative micro-actuated devices aimed at treating vascular diseases, particularly in the brain. Founded in 2019 and based in Lausanne, Switzerland, the company focuses on enhancing the precision and control of surgical procedures involving catheters and guidewires. Its technology facilitates micromotion within brain arteries, thereby improving navigation during stroke treatments. By enabling surgeons to perform these complex procedures with greater accuracy, Artiria Medical contributes to better patient outcomes and the potential to save lives.

Neurosoft Bioelectronics is developing next-generation soft implantable electrodes to interface with the nervous system. Neural implants are medical devices made of electrodes that can record or stimulate the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves to monitor or treat patients suffering from neurological disorders. However, current clinical devices are too stiff compared to the soft tissues of the body, which limits benefits for patients. At Neurosoft Bioelectronics, we have developed a new generation of soft and conformable implantable electrodes that seamlessly interface with the nervous tissues and can improve clinical outcomes for patients.

Rise Technology provides photovoltaic equipment, instruments, semiconductor, biomedical, and packaging products. Their customers contact them through email, mobile, and online applications.

Thericon is a medical imaging company that provides multiparametric imaging technology for surgeries. The company helps surgeons improve accuracy and brings accurate information to the surgical procedure.

PeekMed is a company based in Braga, Portugal, that specializes in 3D pre-operative planning software for orthopedic surgery. Founded in 2015 by Jaime Campos, Sara Silva, and João Pedro Ribeiro, PeekMed's system is designed to enhance the precision of surgical procedures while simultaneously reducing costs. The software allows orthopedic surgeons to plan a variety of operations, including total joint replacements, osteotomies, and fracture reductions. It enables intuitive surgical sectioning of bones to correct deformities and facilitates the planning of trauma-related surgeries. Additionally, PeekMed's platform supports the storage and retrieval of patient studies, allowing surgeons to access medical images efficiently. The output from the system can be integrated with navigation systems, 3D printers, robotics, and mobile devices, further enhancing the surgical process and patient outcomes.

Surgify is engaged in the development of an innovative technology aimed at enhancing bone surgery outcomes. This technology focuses on protecting proximal soft structures during surgical procedures, thereby minimizing the risk of complications such as bleeding, infections, and nerve injuries. By collaborating closely with the Neurosurgical Department of Helsinki University Central Hospital, Surgify ensures that its solutions are informed by the needs of clinicians. The company is currently preparing to commercialize its technology, with support from the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation. Through its advancements, Surgify aims to reduce patient suffering and improve overall quality of life for individuals undergoing bone surgery.

Scandinavian Real Heart is a medical technology company focused on developing an innovative artificial heart designed to assist patients awaiting heart transplants. Their Total Artificial Heart (TAH) closely mimics the natural pumping mechanics, pressure ratios, and pulse of a healthy heart, aiming to provide improved functionality compared to existing options in the market. This device serves primarily as a transitional solution for individuals on the transplant waiting list, with the potential to save lives by addressing the urgent need for effective cardiac support.

Cardiac Success specializes in developing medical devices aimed at enhancing cardiac function for patients suffering from heart failure and functional mitral regurgitation. The company's primary product, the V-sling device, is a transcatheter ventricular repair solution designed specifically for individuals with Reduced Ejection Fraction. This innovative device is based on a proven surgical technique that approximates the papillary muscle, providing significant relief from severe heart conditions. By focusing on advanced treatment options, Cardiac Success aims to improve the quality of life for patients facing critical cardiac challenges.

Xeltis is a clinical-stage medical device company focused on transforming cardiovascular treatment through innovative restorative technologies. The company has developed advanced polymer-based devices, including bioabsorbable heart valves and implantable small diameter blood vessels, intended for hemodialysis vascular access and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These devices leverage proprietary technology to facilitate endogenous tissue restoration, allowing the body to naturally regenerate the complex structures being replaced. Xeltis emerged from the merger of two university spin-offs from the Netherlands and Switzerland and operates in both the Netherlands and the USA. The company is backed by several venture capital firms and has secured significant funding from the European Investment Bank and the European Innovation Council Accelerator. Currently, Xeltis is conducting ongoing clinical trials to advance its restorative cardiovascular solutions.

Xeltis is a clinical-stage medical device company focused on transforming cardiovascular treatment through innovative restorative technologies. The company has developed advanced polymer-based devices, including bioabsorbable heart valves and implantable small diameter blood vessels, intended for hemodialysis vascular access and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These devices leverage proprietary technology to facilitate endogenous tissue restoration, allowing the body to naturally regenerate the complex structures being replaced. Xeltis emerged from the merger of two university spin-offs from the Netherlands and Switzerland and operates in both the Netherlands and the USA. The company is backed by several venture capital firms and has secured significant funding from the European Investment Bank and the European Innovation Council Accelerator. Currently, Xeltis is conducting ongoing clinical trials to advance its restorative cardiovascular solutions.

Filterlex Medical Ltd. is a medical device startup focused on the cardiovascular field, specifically developing an advanced embolic protection device aimed at reducing the risk of stroke and other complications during catheter-based structural heart procedures. The company's innovative device utilizes next-generation technology to address the limitations of existing products. It is designed to be securely positioned in the aorta, providing comprehensive embolic protection by deflecting, capturing, and removing embolic particles. This approach enables physicians to enhance patient safety during these complex procedures. Currently, Filterlex is seeking seed funding to further advance its development efforts.

BELKIN Vision focuses on developing a laser device that aids healthcare professionals in the treatment of glaucoma. The company's technology offers a non-invasive, non-contact, instantaneous, painless, and automated approach to laser therapy. By promoting accessibility to first-line drop-less glaucoma care, BELKIN Vision enables any ophthalmologist to effectively treat patients. This innovation aims to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the overall quality of care for individuals suffering from glaucoma.

Aortyx is a pioneering company founded by researchers from the IQS School of Engineering and the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, dedicated to developing innovative endovascular devices for the treatment of vascular diseases. The company specializes in technology that promotes tissue regeneration by closely mimicking the biomechanical environment of the aorta. Its devices are designed to create a favorable environment for cell migration and proliferation, utilizing a bioresorbable platform that closely replicates the natural dynamics of the aorta. This approach aims to enhance the effectiveness of treatments for aortic diseases, providing healthcare professionals with advanced solutions for managing these conditions.

Sunrise focuses on addressing the widespread issue of sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea, which affects nearly one billion people globally. The company has developed a 3-gram sensor that provides a rapid, at-home diagnosis of sleep apnea, utilizing trigeminal drive analysis to detect respiratory events. This certified medical device connects seamlessly to a smartphone, allowing for easy use and immediate results. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Sunrise's technology matches the accuracy of traditional in-lab sleep studies but at a significantly lower cost. After testing, patients can consult with certified sleep doctors online or visit local sleep centers, streamlining the diagnostic process. With a large percentage of sleep apnea cases remaining undiagnosed, Sunrise offers a crucial solution for patients, caregivers, and insurers, enhancing the accessibility and efficiency of sleep disorder diagnostics.

Criam is a biotechnology company based in Braga, Portugal, founded in 2015. It specializes in the research and development of a medical device designed for blood type analysis and the detection of infectious diseases. The company's flagship product offers rapid and accurate testing for various conditions, including HIV, Brucella, tick fever, syphilis, mononucleosis, and meningitis. This portable device operates independently of electricity or laboratory infrastructure, making it accessible for use in diverse environments. Additionally, Criam's technology is scalable, allowing a single reader to perform multiple tests using specific cartridges and advanced computer vision algorithms. By optimizing blood testing services, Criam aims to provide timely health information and improve clinical decision-making.

iThera Medical specializes in advanced biomedical imaging technology, focusing on photonic molecular imaging. Founded in 2010 as a spin-off from the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, the company collaborates with this research center to enhance its proprietary Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) technology. This innovative approach provides real-time visualization of anatomical, functional, and molecular information within living tissue, which aids in the detection of tumors and inflammatory diseases. By enabling non-invasive diagnostic capabilities, iThera Medical supports both preclinical and clinical applications, offering significant advancements in medical imaging and patient care.

iThera Medical specializes in advanced biomedical imaging technology, focusing on photonic molecular imaging. Founded in 2010 as a spin-off from the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, the company collaborates with this research center to enhance its proprietary Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) technology. This innovative approach provides real-time visualization of anatomical, functional, and molecular information within living tissue, which aids in the detection of tumors and inflammatory diseases. By enabling non-invasive diagnostic capabilities, iThera Medical supports both preclinical and clinical applications, offering significant advancements in medical imaging and patient care.

Ganymed Robotics SAS is a medical device company based in Paris, France, established in 2018. The company specializes in developing advanced robotics technologies and software aimed at enhancing surgical precision in orthopedic procedures, particularly focusing on knee replacement surgeries. Its innovative therapeutic device is designed to improve patient outcomes and streamline the surgical process, enabling orthopedic surgeons to reduce operating times and enhance their overall experience. By integrating robotics into surgical practices, Ganymed Robotics aims to advance the efficiency of care delivery in the orthopedic field.

AVeta Medical specializes in developing biotechnology medical devices aimed at providing safe and affordable treatments for vaginal atrophy. The company focuses on hormone-free solutions that address the underlying conditions associated with this condition. Its innovative devices offer a natural approach to treatment, allowing women to recover and repair their bodies without the use of drugs or hormonal therapies. By prioritizing science-backed methods, AVeta Medical aims to improve the quality of life for women experiencing vaginal atrophy.

Op2Lysis is a neurotic drug developer working on a treatment for hemorrhagic stroke. The company's product is a thrombolytic drug that conveniently dissolves the intracerebral hematoma that occurs after a hemorrhagic stroke, allowing patients to avoid substantial disability and surgery. It was designed to be injected locally via a catheter into the hematoma's core, using micro-invasive surgery.

YonaLink operates a global network of over 30,000 medical centers, focusing on the collection and management of clinical trial data. The company offers a platform that streamlines the migration of clinical research data from electronic health records to electronic data capture systems, ensuring a secure and automated process. By enhancing trial efficiency and data quality, YonaLink alleviates the burden on medical center staff and broadens access to innovative patient care opportunities. Its solutions also aim to accelerate drug and medical device development while promoting patient diversity and enrollment in clinical trials, ultimately enabling healthcare providers and researchers to achieve faster and more accurate data capture.

PlasFree is a medical device company focused on developing ClearPlasma, an innovative solution aimed at improving the treatment of massive bleeding. Founded in 2017 and based in Nazareth, Israel, PlasFree's ClearPlasma device modifies human plasma by extracting specific proteins, such as fibrinolytic proteins and pepsinogen, which play a role in blood clot dissolution. By enhancing the coagulation properties of plasma, the device enables healthcare professionals to deliver safer and more effective treatments for excessive bleeding. ClearPlasma can be integrated into conventional apheresis systems, allowing for the efficient production of plasma products tailored for critical medical situations. The company's mission is to revolutionize bleeding management and provide improved therapeutic options worldwide.

Op2Lysis is a neurotic drug developer working on a treatment for hemorrhagic stroke. The company's product is a thrombolytic drug that conveniently dissolves the intracerebral hematoma that occurs after a hemorrhagic stroke, allowing patients to avoid substantial disability and surgery. It was designed to be injected locally via a catheter into the hematoma's core, using micro-invasive surgery.

AGADE specialising in robotic exoskeletons. The company created its first product, AGADEXO, which can significantly reduce muscle fatigue and the risk of injury associated with repetitive and dynamic activities. They provide variable support, eliminating the effect of gravity on human limbs and allowing movements comparable to those possible in a zero-g environment.

Next Generation Sensors is a biotech business that creates mass spectrometers for commercial uses in the life sciences. Finding rapid, accurate screening information for potential health, security, and environmental hazards relies on. By bringing the lab to the sample with portable, sensitive, accurate, and user-friendly technology for quick detection of dangerous compounds in our food, bodies, and environment, offers answers for a safer future.

PlasFree is a medical device company focused on developing ClearPlasma, an innovative solution aimed at improving the treatment of massive bleeding. Founded in 2017 and based in Nazareth, Israel, PlasFree's ClearPlasma device modifies human plasma by extracting specific proteins, such as fibrinolytic proteins and pepsinogen, which play a role in blood clot dissolution. By enhancing the coagulation properties of plasma, the device enables healthcare professionals to deliver safer and more effective treatments for excessive bleeding. ClearPlasma can be integrated into conventional apheresis systems, allowing for the efficient production of plasma products tailored for critical medical situations. The company's mission is to revolutionize bleeding management and provide improved therapeutic options worldwide.

Amadix is focused on developing and commercializing innovative cancer diagnostic technologies that address unmet medical needs in oncology. The company's flagship product, Colofast, is a non-invasive screening signature for colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma diagnosis, aimed at reducing the high mortality rate associated with colon cancer. Amadix's approach emphasizes early detection, allowing for timely treatment while avoiding the complications of invasive procedures like tumor biopsies. The team comprises industry veterans with extensive expertise in oncology diagnostics, the pharmaceutical industry, and biotechnology, supported by independent board members who provide strategic guidance in commercialization and business development, particularly in Europe and the United States. Amadix's products undergo rigorous analytical validation and clinical studies before being introduced to the global market.

PKVitality is a bio-wearable company based in Paris, France, that specializes in developing innovative health monitoring devices. Its flagship product, K'Watch Glucose, is a smartwatch-style continuous glucose monitoring device that employs a micro-needle sensor to allow diabetics to monitor their glucose levels painlessly and discreetly. This wearable tracker is designed to provide real-time data without the need for calibration, offering a complete history of glucose levels and sending alerts for potential hypo or hyperglycemia episodes. Additionally, PKVitality is expanding its product line to include a Continuous Lactate Monitor and multi-analyte continuous monitors, which will further enhance the capabilities of their health monitoring technology. Founded in 2017, PKVitality aims to simplify health management for individuals, particularly those with diabetes, by eliminating the discomfort associated with traditional blood tests.

ZygoFix is a medical device company focused on spine technology. It has developed a three-dimensional printed implant designed to lock the facet joint of the lumbar spine. This innovative device leverages the anatomy of the spine to provide stability, moving away from traditional external screw-based systems. By eliminating the need for pedicle screws, ZygoFix aims to reduce the risks associated with improper screw placement, enhancing patient safety and outcomes in spinal surgeries.

GrOwnValve is a Berlin-based company established in 2019 that addresses the medical need for personalized heart valve prostheses. The company focuses on developing a heart valve prosthesis system designed to treat patients with heart valve defects. GrOwnValve's innovative approach allows for a safe, affordable, and minimally invasive heart valve replacement procedure using the patient's own tissue, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and acceptance of the treatment.

Microsure is a medical device company based in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, founded in 2014. It specializes in developing innovative solutions for microsurgery, a field that operates at the limits of physical capabilities. The company's flagship product is a motion stabilizer system designed specifically for microsurgeons, which enhances surgical precision by filtering out tremors and providing exceptional control during procedures. This technology allows for hybrid microsurgical procedures that enable surgeons to utilize their own instruments, thereby reducing costs for hospitals. The Microsure motion stabilizer has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical trials, including successful operations for lymphedema. By improving the quality of microsurgical procedures, the company aims to expand treatment options for patients and facilitate the development of new, highly accurate surgical techniques.