Khosla Ventures

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Spiritus is a climate technology company specializing in direct-air-capture systems. Its innovative approach combines the Spiritus Sorbent and Carbon Orchard, offering a scalable, modular solution for low-cost carbon dioxide removal and sequestration.

ReSource Chemical is a company based in Berkeley, California, focused on developing high-performance plastics derived from carbon dioxide. The company utilizes a proprietary bio-based platform to create chemicals that enable the production of environmentally friendly plastics with superior physical properties compared to traditional fossil fuel-based plastics. By converting CO2 into these innovative materials, ReSource Chemical aims to provide sustainable alternatives that do not contribute to environmental pollution.

LuxWall is a building materials company that designs and manufactures vacuum-insulated glass, a transparent insulation material that reduces heating and cooling losses and improves building energy efficiency. Its vacuum-insulated glass supports energy standards for commercial and residential buildings and uses technology aimed at enabling greater thermal performance. Founded in 2020 and headquartered in Ypsilanti, Michigan, LuxWall seeks to advance sustainable construction and has indicated a potential to reduce global carbon emissions by more than 0.5 gigatonnes per year, highlighting its environmental impact.

RedoxBlox develops thermochemical energy storage technology to decarbonize high-temperature industrial thermal processing and provide long-duration energy storage for the grid. The technology enables continuous high-temperature heat while integrating with existing infrastructure to replace natural gas combustion, supporting electrification and renewables deployment. It reduces carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, enhances safety and resilience, and aims to lower total capital cost for industrial processors and power plant operators. By delivering scalable, long-duration heat, RedoxBlox helps industries leverage renewable energy and move toward low-emission operations.

Enzymit is a biotechnology company focused on revolutionizing global manufacturing through sustainable and efficient bio-production methods. It specializes in developing cell-free bio-production technology that aims to eliminate the inefficiencies and complexities associated with traditional bio-production. Enzymit employs artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms to design novel enzymes, which serve as molecular machines capable of transforming abundant feedstocks into valuable products, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and materials. The company’s small, modular bio-reactors facilitate this process, promoting resource independence while minimizing environmental impact. By moving away from conventional whole-cell methods to utilizing nature's elemental building blocks, Enzymit enhances cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability in bio-production, while also providing greater flexibility in product customization for various industries.

Fortera is a company focused on developing innovative solutions for the cement and concrete industry with the aim of significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It has created a process that captures industrial carbon dioxide emissions and mineralizes them to produce a more environmentally friendly form of concrete. This method not only addresses the substantial carbon footprint associated with traditional concrete production but also offers improved performance characteristics. By providing sustainable alternatives to conventional cement products, Fortera contributes to global efforts to mitigate climate change and enhance the environmental sustainability of construction practices.

Planted Solar develops and deploys solar power plants using a rapid deployment platform that increases energy output per acre and accelerates project delivery. It combines development software, terrain-adaptive high-density racking, and automated construction to build flexible, all-terrain power plants. Through advanced site planning and logistics, the company aims to maximize land use and streamline solar development, enabling faster, scalable deployment of clean energy.

Glydways is a South San Francisco-based company specializing in affordable autonomous transportation systems. It designs, manufactures, installs, and operates efficient, high-capacity mobility solutions that are environmentally friendly with zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Li Industries is a start-up focused on advancing lithium-ion battery recycling technologies. The company specializes in the recovery of valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel from end-of-life batteries used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and other energy storage systems. By utilizing innovative direct recycling technology and a scalable electrochemical flow system, Li Industries aims to extract these essential metals efficiently and sustainably. This process not only reduces environmental waste but also supports the production of new batteries from recycled components. By optimizing the recovery and treatment of these materials, Li Industries contributes to lowering energy consumption and emissions in the battery production process, ultimately fostering a more sustainable supply chain for battery manufacturing.

Koloma is a company specializing in geologic hydrogen production. It leverages proprietary technology, data, and expertise to identify and develop geologic hydrogen resources. The company's data-driven approach aims to reduce global carbon emissions, enabling businesses to lower their environmental impact.

Glydways is a South San Francisco-based company specializing in affordable autonomous transportation systems. It designs, manufactures, installs, and operates efficient, high-capacity mobility solutions that are environmentally friendly with zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Spiritus is a climate technology company specializing in direct-air-capture systems. Its innovative approach combines the Spiritus Sorbent and Carbon Orchard, offering a scalable, modular solution for low-cost carbon dioxide removal and sequestration.

Caelux is a renewable energy company based in Pasadena, California, founded in 2014. It specializes in developing and manufacturing perovskite-on-glass technology for the terrestrial solar and commercial space industries. This innovative technology is designed to enhance solar device efficiency while minimizing the amount of semiconducting material required, thereby reducing production costs. Caelux's products improve power production and integrate seamlessly into existing photovoltaic module manufacturing processes, allowing users to lower installed costs and boost overall performance.

Founded in 2017, TeraWatt Technology designs and manufactures lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for various electrified applications. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California with a subsidiary in Tokyo, Japan.

Realta Fusion develops fusion energy technology for industrial heat and power production. It combines advancements in superconducting materials, plasma physics, and computing power in a simple linear fusion reactor design, utilizing abundant fuel sources to generate zero-carbon heat and power.

LuxWall is a building materials company that designs and manufactures vacuum-insulated glass, a transparent insulation material that reduces heating and cooling losses and improves building energy efficiency. Its vacuum-insulated glass supports energy standards for commercial and residential buildings and uses technology aimed at enabling greater thermal performance. Founded in 2020 and headquartered in Ypsilanti, Michigan, LuxWall seeks to advance sustainable construction and has indicated a potential to reduce global carbon emissions by more than 0.5 gigatonnes per year, highlighting its environmental impact.

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Genecis is an early-stage organic waste processing startup that uses biotechnology to convert waste into biodegradable plastics and other high-value materials. It converts organic waste into PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoate), a biodegradable, compostable, and non-toxic polymer that can be tuned to replace a wide variety of traditional plastics. PHA can be used for single-use plastics, clothing and textiles, automotive interiors, medical tools and products, and food contact applications.

Li Industries is a start-up focused on advancing lithium-ion battery recycling technologies. The company specializes in the recovery of valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel from end-of-life batteries used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and other energy storage systems. By utilizing innovative direct recycling technology and a scalable electrochemical flow system, Li Industries aims to extract these essential metals efficiently and sustainably. This process not only reduces environmental waste but also supports the production of new batteries from recycled components. By optimizing the recovery and treatment of these materials, Li Industries contributes to lowering energy consumption and emissions in the battery production process, ultimately fostering a more sustainable supply chain for battery manufacturing.

Founded in 2017, TeraWatt Technology designs and manufactures lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for various electrified applications. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California with a subsidiary in Tokyo, Japan.

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Aether Diamonds produces the world's first and only diamonds made 100% from captured carbon. Certified B Corp. 2022 Fast Company Top 10 Most Innovative Consumer Goods Companies. 2022 "Best for the World" B Corp.

Verdagy specializes in innovative water electrolysis technology for large-scale green hydrogen production. Based in Moss Landing, California, the company operates laboratory and pilot plant facilities to advance its technology platform, aiming to achieve low upfront capital costs and competitive unit economics.

Fortera is a company focused on developing innovative solutions for the cement and concrete industry with the aim of significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It has created a process that captures industrial carbon dioxide emissions and mineralizes them to produce a more environmentally friendly form of concrete. This method not only addresses the substantial carbon footprint associated with traditional concrete production but also offers improved performance characteristics. By providing sustainable alternatives to conventional cement products, Fortera contributes to global efforts to mitigate climate change and enhance the environmental sustainability of construction practices.

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Glydways is a South San Francisco-based company specializing in affordable autonomous transportation systems. It designs, manufactures, installs, and operates efficient, high-capacity mobility solutions that are environmentally friendly with zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Natron Energy develops sodium ion battery technologies for various industrial applications. Founded in 2012, the company specializes in stationary energy storage solutions, including UPS systems, electric vehicle charging, and grid support.

Founded in 2017, Commonwealth Fusion is a research company developing fusion energy through an inexhaustible power plant. It combines proven physics with revolutionary superconducting magnet technology to accelerate the path to commercial fusion energy.

Founded in 2017, TeraWatt Technology designs and manufactures lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for various electrified applications. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California with a subsidiary in Tokyo, Japan.

Founded in 2017, Commonwealth Fusion is a research company developing fusion energy through an inexhaustible power plant. It combines proven physics with revolutionary superconducting magnet technology to accelerate the path to commercial fusion energy.

Zendar Inc. is a manufacturer of advanced radar systems specifically designed for autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2017 and headquartered in Berkeley, California, the company focuses on developing high-definition radar technology that integrates the advantages of traditional radar—such as long-range detection and all-weather functionality—with the high resolution typically associated with lidar systems. Zendar's radar solutions enable self-driving cars to operate safely in adverse weather conditions, providing high-resolution imaging that enhances situational awareness and overall safety for autonomous driving.

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Zendar Inc. is a manufacturer of advanced radar systems specifically designed for autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2017 and headquartered in Berkeley, California, the company focuses on developing high-definition radar technology that integrates the advantages of traditional radar—such as long-range detection and all-weather functionality—with the high resolution typically associated with lidar systems. Zendar's radar solutions enable self-driving cars to operate safely in adverse weather conditions, providing high-resolution imaging that enhances situational awareness and overall safety for autonomous driving.

Zendar Inc. is a manufacturer of advanced radar systems specifically designed for autonomous vehicles. Founded in 2017 and headquartered in Berkeley, California, the company focuses on developing high-definition radar technology that integrates the advantages of traditional radar—such as long-range detection and all-weather functionality—with the high resolution typically associated with lidar systems. Zendar's radar solutions enable self-driving cars to operate safely in adverse weather conditions, providing high-resolution imaging that enhances situational awareness and overall safety for autonomous driving.

BBOXX designs, manufactures, and distributes plug-and-play solar power systems to expand access to electricity in Africa and other developing regions. The company offers solar home systems, lighting, radios, TVs, phone chargers, and related products, supported by installation and maintenance services and remote monitoring. It pursues innovative financing models and digital platforms to enable individuals, businesses, and governments to access reliable, affordable utilities, including off-grid energy experiences in rural areas. BBOXX serves customers through distributors in Africa, the United Kingdom, and international markets, with a focus on customer service and scalable solutions.

BBOXX designs, manufactures, and distributes plug-and-play solar power systems to expand access to electricity in Africa and other developing regions. The company offers solar home systems, lighting, radios, TVs, phone chargers, and related products, supported by installation and maintenance services and remote monitoring. It pursues innovative financing models and digital platforms to enable individuals, businesses, and governments to access reliable, affordable utilities, including off-grid energy experiences in rural areas. BBOXX serves customers through distributors in Africa, the United Kingdom, and international markets, with a focus on customer service and scalable solutions.

Hyperloop One, Inc. is focused on the design and development of a high-speed tubular transit system that employs magnetic levitation technology to facilitate the rapid transportation of passengers and cargo. Founded in 2014 and headquartered in Los Angeles, California, the company aims to provide direct and sustainable transportation solutions. Hyperloop One's innovative system allows for speeds of up to 760 miles per hour, utilizing a vacuum tube to optimize travel efficiency. The company collaborates with various partners, including renowned firms such as Parsons, ARUP, and McKinsey, to enhance its technology and implementation strategies. Originally known as Hyperloop Technologies, Inc., the company rebranded in May 2016 to reflect its evolving mission within the transportation sector.

SolidEnergy Systems Corp. develops and manufactures rechargeable lithium metal batteries primarily for applications in drones, wearables, smartphones, and electric vehicles. Founded in 2012 and based in Woburn, Massachusetts, the company focuses on producing high-performance lithium metal batteries and supplying essential materials, such as anodes and electrolytes, to major lithium-ion cell manufacturers. These materials can be integrated into existing manufacturing processes, allowing for scalability without significant infrastructure investments. SolidEnergy's pilot-scale production caters to prototype demonstrations and specialized aerospace markets, while its future growth is aimed at mainstream sectors like consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Additionally, the company is involved in developing AI-powered safety algorithms and recycling solutions, positioning itself as an integrated battery manufacturer with a commitment to innovation and sustainability.

Founded in 2008, Tula Technology specializes in powertrain efficiency solutions. It develops Dynamic Skip Fire (DSF) cylinder deactivation systems, integrating digital signal processing with engine controls to create variable displacement engines. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet fuel efficiency and CO2 emission standards. Primarily serving the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other regions, Tula's technologies are used in over one million vehicles worldwide.

Sakti3, Inc. is a Michigan-based company focused on the development of solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology. Founded in 2007 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, the company aims to enhance battery performance for electric vehicles and portable electronics. By creating solid-state battery cells, Sakti3 seeks to provide a safer and more efficient alternative to traditional battery technologies, facilitating the transition to electric-powered transportation and devices. As of 2015, Sakti3 operates as a subsidiary of Dyson Ltd.

Caelux is a renewable energy company based in Pasadena, California, founded in 2014. It specializes in developing and manufacturing perovskite-on-glass technology for the terrestrial solar and commercial space industries. This innovative technology is designed to enhance solar device efficiency while minimizing the amount of semiconducting material required, thereby reducing production costs. Caelux's products improve power production and integrate seamlessly into existing photovoltaic module manufacturing processes, allowing users to lower installed costs and boost overall performance.

Founded in 2008, Tula Technology specializes in powertrain efficiency solutions. It develops Dynamic Skip Fire (DSF) cylinder deactivation systems, integrating digital signal processing with engine controls to create variable displacement engines. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet fuel efficiency and CO2 emission standards. Primarily serving the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other regions, Tula's technologies are used in over one million vehicles worldwide.

BBOXX designs, manufactures, and distributes plug-and-play solar power systems to expand access to electricity in Africa and other developing regions. The company offers solar home systems, lighting, radios, TVs, phone chargers, and related products, supported by installation and maintenance services and remote monitoring. It pursues innovative financing models and digital platforms to enable individuals, businesses, and governments to access reliable, affordable utilities, including off-grid energy experiences in rural areas. BBOXX serves customers through distributors in Africa, the United Kingdom, and international markets, with a focus on customer service and scalable solutions.

Natron Energy develops sodium ion battery technologies for various industrial applications. Founded in 2012, the company specializes in stationary energy storage solutions, including UPS systems, electric vehicle charging, and grid support.

Founded in 2008, Tula Technology specializes in powertrain efficiency solutions. It develops Dynamic Skip Fire (DSF) cylinder deactivation systems, integrating digital signal processing with engine controls to create variable displacement engines. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet fuel efficiency and CO2 emission standards. Primarily serving the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other regions, Tula's technologies are used in over one million vehicles worldwide.

NanoH2O is a manufacturer specializing in advanced reverse osmosis membranes designed for water desalination and reuse. The company enhances traditional polymer-based membranes by incorporating a nano-structured material, which improves key membrane properties such as throughput, salt and contaminant rejection, and fouling resistance. NanoH2O's membranes are suitable for various applications, including seawater and brackish water desalination, as well as wastewater reclamation. By focusing on these innovations, the company aims to lower the costs associated with desalination while simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency and productivity in water treatment processes.

Virdia, formerly known as HCL CleanTech, is a prominent developer specializing in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into cellulosic sugars and lignin for applications in the renewable chemicals, bio-energy, and nutrition sectors. Utilizing its proprietary CASE™ process, the company transforms a diverse range of feedstocks, including wood, energy crops, and agricultural residues, into highly refined sugars and lignin. This innovative low-temperature process achieves high yields of sugars from biomass while maintaining a minimal environmental impact through the near complete recycling of acids and solvents used during production. Virdia is guided by an experienced management team with extensive backgrounds in corn processing, chemicals, and biochemicals.

NanoH2O is a manufacturer specializing in advanced reverse osmosis membranes designed for water desalination and reuse. The company enhances traditional polymer-based membranes by incorporating a nano-structured material, which improves key membrane properties such as throughput, salt and contaminant rejection, and fouling resistance. NanoH2O's membranes are suitable for various applications, including seawater and brackish water desalination, as well as wastewater reclamation. By focusing on these innovations, the company aims to lower the costs associated with desalination while simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency and productivity in water treatment processes.

Soraa is a cleantech startup specializing in LED technology and lasers, with a focus on producing high-quality, natural light. The company has pioneered full-spectrum color rendering LED light using proprietary technology manufactured in California. Soraa's products are designed to enhance well-being, productivity, and emotional states by mimicking natural light indoors. The company conducts research to develop insights and expertise for delivering breakthrough lighting solutions.

Danotek Motion Technologies Inc, founded in 2001, in Ann Arbor, Michigan is an ISO 9001:2000 certified technology innovator. Danotek develops clean, energy efficient, generators, electrical conversion systems, brushless motors and electronics controls for alternative energy and advanced transportation applications. Danotek has developed a number of patent-pending innovative products that include variable speed permanent magnet (PM) generators and brushless motors with integrated electronics for wind power, fuel cell, CHP, auxiliary power and electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Their designs represent industry leadership and are expected to replace inefficient and unreliable systems with added extensive control features.

Ciris Energy, Inc. is a technology company founded in 2007 and based in Centennial, Colorado. It specializes in the development of proprietary technologies aimed at producing electricity from buried coal and other hydrocarbon deposits. The company focuses on biologically converting coal to methane in large-scale quantities, striving to create a more environmentally responsible and economically efficient method of producing natural gas from coal. Through its innovative approaches, Ciris Energy seeks to enable clients to access coal as a renewable form of energy.

EchoFirst is a manufacturer specializing in integrated solar energy systems designed to meet the electric and heating needs of residential properties. Its innovative Echo solar systems surpass the energy output of traditional photovoltaic systems by generating electricity along with hot water for household uses such as washing and bathing, as well as providing thermal energy for home heating and cooling. The company serves a diverse clientele, including homeowners, installation partners, and developers of new homes, aiming to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability in residential environments.

Sakti3, Inc. is a Michigan-based company focused on the development of solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology. Founded in 2007 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, the company aims to enhance battery performance for electric vehicles and portable electronics. By creating solid-state battery cells, Sakti3 seeks to provide a safer and more efficient alternative to traditional battery technologies, facilitating the transition to electric-powered transportation and devices. As of 2015, Sakti3 operates as a subsidiary of Dyson Ltd.

Nordic’s N1000, a simple, light-weight 1MW wind turbine is known for its unsurpassed ease of installation and maintenance, exceptional reliability, and low cost of energy generation. Nordic Windpower is a technology developer and manufacturer of innovative, two-bladed wind turbines for the rapidly expanding global wind market.

Mainspring Energy, Inc. is a technology company based in Menlo Park, California, that specializes in developing linear generator technology for low carbon, dispatchable energy solutions. Founded in 2010 by three Stanford engineers, the company focuses on creating advanced prototypes that convert fuel into electricity through a unique, low-temperature reaction of air and fuel. This innovative approach allows Mainspring to offer generators that provide affordable, reliable electricity while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to traditional electric grids. The company's mission is to address climate change and enhance energy accessibility, contributing to the development of net-zero carbon energy systems for the future.

Danotek Motion Technologies Inc, founded in 2001, in Ann Arbor, Michigan is an ISO 9001:2000 certified technology innovator. Danotek develops clean, energy efficient, generators, electrical conversion systems, brushless motors and electronics controls for alternative energy and advanced transportation applications. Danotek has developed a number of patent-pending innovative products that include variable speed permanent magnet (PM) generators and brushless motors with integrated electronics for wind power, fuel cell, CHP, auxiliary power and electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Their designs represent industry leadership and are expected to replace inefficient and unreliable systems with added extensive control features.

Amyris is a biotechnology company that engineers microbes to produce sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. It focuses on creating high-value ingredients for clean health and beauty, flavor and fragrance markets, as well as pharmaceuticals. The company's technology platform enables it to convert plant sugars into various products, supporting industries such as cosmetics, fuels, and nutraceuticals.

SeaMicro is a company focused on developing innovative low-power data center solutions aimed at addressing the escalating energy consumption of traditional servers. With the power demands of servers having more than doubled over the past six years, SeaMicro has engineered a new server architecture that utilizes advanced CPU design, virtualization, supercomputing, and networking technologies. Their compact servers consume only one-quarter of the power and occupy one-sixth of the space of conventional servers, making them an efficient alternative for scale-out infrastructures. Furthermore, SeaMicro's servers are designed to be plug-and-play, ensuring compatibility without the need for modifications to existing software operating systems, applications, or management systems. This approach positions SeaMicro as a leader in transforming the data center landscape into a more sustainable and efficient environment.

Virdia, formerly known as HCL CleanTech, is a prominent developer specializing in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into cellulosic sugars and lignin for applications in the renewable chemicals, bio-energy, and nutrition sectors. Utilizing its proprietary CASE™ process, the company transforms a diverse range of feedstocks, including wood, energy crops, and agricultural residues, into highly refined sugars and lignin. This innovative low-temperature process achieves high yields of sugars from biomass while maintaining a minimal environmental impact through the near complete recycling of acids and solvents used during production. Virdia is guided by an experienced management team with extensive backgrounds in corn processing, chemicals, and biochemicals.

Ausra is a manufacturer and developer of utility-scale solar technologies aimed at addressing global electricity demands in an environmentally responsible manner. The company specializes in solar thermal power infrastructure, particularly through its compact linear Fresnel reflector systems, which utilize focused sunlight to boil water and generate high-pressure steam that powers conventional turbine generators. Ausra is also advancing low-cost thermal energy storage systems, enabling the generation of solar electric power on demand, both during daylight and nighttime hours. By providing zero-carbon power plants, Ausra offers a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-based electricity generation, delivering energy at competitive market prices while minimizing emissions associated with traditional fuel combustion.

Calera Corporation is focused on carbon sequestration, aiming to combat global warming and ocean acidification by capturing greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere. Established in 2007 and headquartered in Los Gatos, California, the company works to reduce atmospheric carbon levels through innovative technologies. Calera has formed a strategic alliance with Bechtel Power Corporation to enhance its efforts in this domain.

Sakti3, Inc. is a Michigan-based company focused on the development of solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology. Founded in 2007 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, the company aims to enhance battery performance for electric vehicles and portable electronics. By creating solid-state battery cells, Sakti3 seeks to provide a safer and more efficient alternative to traditional battery technologies, facilitating the transition to electric-powered transportation and devices. As of 2015, Sakti3 operates as a subsidiary of Dyson Ltd.

Kaai is a stealth cleantech startup focusing on LED technology, working together with [Soraa](/organization/soraa/). If you have any further information on Kaai, please build out this profile.

Amyris is a biotechnology company that engineers microbes to produce sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. It focuses on creating high-value ingredients for clean health and beauty, flavor and fragrance markets, as well as pharmaceuticals. The company's technology platform enables it to convert plant sugars into various products, supporting industries such as cosmetics, fuels, and nutraceuticals.

Ausra is a manufacturer and developer of utility-scale solar technologies aimed at addressing global electricity demands in an environmentally responsible manner. The company specializes in solar thermal power infrastructure, particularly through its compact linear Fresnel reflector systems, which utilize focused sunlight to boil water and generate high-pressure steam that powers conventional turbine generators. Ausra is also advancing low-cost thermal energy storage systems, enabling the generation of solar electric power on demand, both during daylight and nighttime hours. By providing zero-carbon power plants, Ausra offers a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-based electricity generation, delivering energy at competitive market prices while minimizing emissions associated with traditional fuel combustion.

AltaRock Energy, Inc., established in 2007, is a geothermal energy technology and services company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, with additional offices in Sausalito, California, AltaRock specializes in the development and commercialization of geothermal technology to produce clean, renewable power. The company offers a range of services, including project development, management, operations, performance improvement, and reservoir maintenance for both new and existing geothermal projects. AltaRock is also involved in greenfield enhanced geothermal systems projects and commercial stimulation services, aiming to expand the capacity of existing geothermal resources and increase profitability. The company's leadership includes Don O'Shei, Chief Executive Officer, and Susan Petty, President and Chief Technology Officer.

Mascoma develops a consolidated bioprocessing platform to convert non-food biomass such as wood and switchgrass into cellulosic ethanol and biochemicals. It provides engineered microorganisms and proprietary CBP technology that combine enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single, streamlined workflow, enabling renewable fuel producers and industrial bioprocessors to access low-carbon ethanol and value-added biochemicals. The approach aims to simplify production, reduce costs, and accelerate scalable, sustainable alternatives to gasoline.

Infinia Corporation is a solar energy technology company that specializes in the development of innovative power generation systems. The company's flagship product, the PowerDish, is a proprietary solar power generation device that efficiently converts solar energy into electricity. Infinia also provides micro combined heat and power systems targeted at residential energy consumers, as well as solar and biomass-powered electric generators designed for various applications, including deep space missions and remote power needs. The PowerDish is aimed at energy asset developers, utilities, and commercial companies involved in large-scale solar projects, with a global launch anticipated to have begun in late 2010.

Range Fuels is a privately held company funded primarily by greentech venture capital companies, including Khosla Ventures, LLC, arguably the top venture firm in the U.S. focusing on alternative, clean energy systems. Their leadership team melds experience from the technologically intensive oil, chemical, petrochemical, coal gasification, power and gas-to-liquids industries, the renewable fuel industry, and the pulp and paper industry.

Range Fuels is a privately held company funded primarily by greentech venture capital companies, including Khosla Ventures, LLC, arguably the top venture firm in the U.S. focusing on alternative, clean energy systems. Their leadership team melds experience from the technologically intensive oil, chemical, petrochemical, coal gasification, power and gas-to-liquids industries, the renewable fuel industry, and the pulp and paper industry.

LumenZ, Inc is a Boston-based opto-electronic and efficient LED company. If you have any further information about this company, please build out the profile by clicking [here](/organization/lumenz-in/edit_overview).

PAX Streamline is a cleantech group that works on reducing the amount of energy waste during the mechanical and productive processes. They a product development firm that designs and markets efficient industrial equipment.

Founded in 2008, Tula Technology specializes in powertrain efficiency solutions. It develops Dynamic Skip Fire (DSF) cylinder deactivation systems, integrating digital signal processing with engine controls to create variable displacement engines. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet fuel efficiency and CO2 emission standards. Primarily serving the U.S., Europe, Asia, and other regions, Tula's technologies are used in over one million vehicles worldwide.

Kaai is a stealth cleantech startup focusing on LED technology, working together with [Soraa](/organization/soraa/). If you have any further information on Kaai, please build out this profile.

Ausra is a manufacturer and developer of utility-scale solar technologies aimed at addressing global electricity demands in an environmentally responsible manner. The company specializes in solar thermal power infrastructure, particularly through its compact linear Fresnel reflector systems, which utilize focused sunlight to boil water and generate high-pressure steam that powers conventional turbine generators. Ausra is also advancing low-cost thermal energy storage systems, enabling the generation of solar electric power on demand, both during daylight and nighttime hours. By providing zero-carbon power plants, Ausra offers a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-based electricity generation, delivering energy at competitive market prices while minimizing emissions associated with traditional fuel combustion.

Infinia Corporation is a solar energy technology company that specializes in the development of innovative power generation systems. The company's flagship product, the PowerDish, is a proprietary solar power generation device that efficiently converts solar energy into electricity. Infinia also provides micro combined heat and power systems targeted at residential energy consumers, as well as solar and biomass-powered electric generators designed for various applications, including deep space missions and remote power needs. The PowerDish is aimed at energy asset developers, utilities, and commercial companies involved in large-scale solar projects, with a global launch anticipated to have begun in late 2010.

Topanga Asia specializes in the development of advanced plasma lighting technology, offering energy-efficient and reliable lighting solutions for industrial and commercial applications. The company has created innovative solid-state driven lighting products that utilize an electrode-free high-intensity discharge (HID) bulb. These products are designed to replace traditional lighting sources such as metal halide, high-pressure sodium, halogen, induction, and LED lights, achieving superior lumen output per watt. By focusing on efficiency and low maintenance, Topanga Asia enables businesses to significantly reduce their lighting and energy costs while enhancing overall illumination in outdoor and commercial environments.

Soraa is a cleantech startup specializing in LED technology and lasers, with a focus on producing high-quality, natural light. The company has pioneered full-spectrum color rendering LED light using proprietary technology manufactured in California. Soraa's products are designed to enhance well-being, productivity, and emotional states by mimicking natural light indoors. The company conducts research to develop insights and expertise for delivering breakthrough lighting solutions.

Amyris is a biotechnology company that engineers microbes to produce sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. It focuses on creating high-value ingredients for clean health and beauty, flavor and fragrance markets, as well as pharmaceuticals. The company's technology platform enables it to convert plant sugars into various products, supporting industries such as cosmetics, fuels, and nutraceuticals.

Ausra is a manufacturer and developer of utility-scale solar technologies aimed at addressing global electricity demands in an environmentally responsible manner. The company specializes in solar thermal power infrastructure, particularly through its compact linear Fresnel reflector systems, which utilize focused sunlight to boil water and generate high-pressure steam that powers conventional turbine generators. Ausra is also advancing low-cost thermal energy storage systems, enabling the generation of solar electric power on demand, both during daylight and nighttime hours. By providing zero-carbon power plants, Ausra offers a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-based electricity generation, delivering energy at competitive market prices while minimizing emissions associated with traditional fuel combustion.

AltaRock Energy, Inc., established in 2007, is a geothermal energy technology and services company. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, with additional offices in Sausalito, California, AltaRock specializes in the development and commercialization of geothermal technology to produce clean, renewable power. The company offers a range of services, including project development, management, operations, performance improvement, and reservoir maintenance for both new and existing geothermal projects. AltaRock is also involved in greenfield enhanced geothermal systems projects and commercial stimulation services, aiming to expand the capacity of existing geothermal resources and increase profitability. The company's leadership includes Don O'Shei, Chief Executive Officer, and Susan Petty, President and Chief Technology Officer.

Infinia Corporation is a solar energy technology company that specializes in the development of innovative power generation systems. The company's flagship product, the PowerDish, is a proprietary solar power generation device that efficiently converts solar energy into electricity. Infinia also provides micro combined heat and power systems targeted at residential energy consumers, as well as solar and biomass-powered electric generators designed for various applications, including deep space missions and remote power needs. The PowerDish is aimed at energy asset developers, utilities, and commercial companies involved in large-scale solar projects, with a global launch anticipated to have begun in late 2010.

NanoH2O is a manufacturer specializing in advanced reverse osmosis membranes designed for water desalination and reuse. The company enhances traditional polymer-based membranes by incorporating a nano-structured material, which improves key membrane properties such as throughput, salt and contaminant rejection, and fouling resistance. NanoH2O's membranes are suitable for various applications, including seawater and brackish water desalination, as well as wastewater reclamation. By focusing on these innovations, the company aims to lower the costs associated with desalination while simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency and productivity in water treatment processes.

Brenco is a renewable energy company based in Sao Paulo, Brazil, specializing in the production of ethanol and electricity from sugar cane. Founded in 2007, Brenco focuses on developing industrial plants, particularly in greenfield sites located in the midwest region of Brazil. The company's operations contribute to sustainable energy solutions by harnessing the potential of sugar cane as a renewable resource.

Mascoma develops a consolidated bioprocessing platform to convert non-food biomass such as wood and switchgrass into cellulosic ethanol and biochemicals. It provides engineered microorganisms and proprietary CBP technology that combine enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single, streamlined workflow, enabling renewable fuel producers and industrial bioprocessors to access low-carbon ethanol and value-added biochemicals. The approach aims to simplify production, reduce costs, and accelerate scalable, sustainable alternatives to gasoline.

Amyris is a biotechnology company that engineers microbes to produce sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. It focuses on creating high-value ingredients for clean health and beauty, flavor and fragrance markets, as well as pharmaceuticals. The company's technology platform enables it to convert plant sugars into various products, supporting industries such as cosmetics, fuels, and nutraceuticals.

Range Fuels is a privately held company funded primarily by greentech venture capital companies, including Khosla Ventures, LLC, arguably the top venture firm in the U.S. focusing on alternative, clean energy systems. Their leadership team melds experience from the technologically intensive oil, chemical, petrochemical, coal gasification, power and gas-to-liquids industries, the renewable fuel industry, and the pulp and paper industry.

Mascoma develops a consolidated bioprocessing platform to convert non-food biomass such as wood and switchgrass into cellulosic ethanol and biochemicals. It provides engineered microorganisms and proprietary CBP technology that combine enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single, streamlined workflow, enabling renewable fuel producers and industrial bioprocessors to access low-carbon ethanol and value-added biochemicals. The approach aims to simplify production, reduce costs, and accelerate scalable, sustainable alternatives to gasoline.

GreatPoint Energy, Inc. is a technology-focused company that specializes in producing pure hydrogen and substitute natural gas using its proprietary catalytic hydromethanation process. This innovative technology converts carbon-rich feedstocks, including coal, petroleum coke, and biomass, into a methane-rich gas stream, facilitating the creation of low-cost, clean gas suitable for various applications. The company's products serve residential and commercial heating, power generation, industrial processes, and chemical production, while also enabling near-zero carbon electricity generation. In addition to its primary outputs, GreatPoint Energy's process yields valuable by-products such as vanadium, nickel, activated carbon, ammonia, and sulfuric acid. Founded in 2004 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the company caters to clients in several countries, including China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Indonesia, while collaborating with strategic partners such as AES Corp, Dow Chemical, Peabody Energy, and Suncor Energy.

Realta Fusion develops fusion energy technology for industrial heat and power production. It combines advancements in superconducting materials, plasma physics, and computing power in a simple linear fusion reactor design, utilizing abundant fuel sources to generate zero-carbon heat and power.