EASME

Oxford Endovascular is focused on developing an innovative medical device for the treatment of brain aneurysms. The company's technology employs a laser-cut metal alloy with shape-memory properties, which can be inserted into a patient's brain via a catheter. Once in place, the device expands into a tiny mesh tube, known as a flow diverter, that conforms to the natural shape of the blood vessel. This design effectively diverts blood flow away from the aneurysm, facilitating its healing and reducing the risk of rupture. By utilizing advanced origami engineering, Oxford Endovascular aims to enhance patient outcomes and improve survival rates for those affected by intracranial aneurysms.

Deneb Medical is a start-up focused on creating a robotic platform intended for various surgical applications, including neurosurgery, cranio-maxillofacial surgery, head and neck surgery, urology, and general surgery. The company's technology centers around a laser-based robotic surgery system that assists surgeons, particularly in spine surgery, by utilizing optical and photonic techniques for tissue ablation. This innovative system enhances surgical precision and efficiency through features such as three-dimensional visualization and augmented reality guidance, ultimately aiming to facilitate minimally invasive procedures and improve patient outcomes.

SCANOVIS developed a spectroscopic laser scanner that makes invisible fingerprints visible.

SMART Photonics offers a versatile production and development portfolio. First of all, easy access via Multi-Project Wafer runs enables low-cost and fast prototyping for photonic integrated circuits. Secondly we offer engineering of the process to create the customer product with customer specifications. Production development services are offered for volume production of customer products.

TomoWave commercializes and produces innovative imaging modalities with applications in clinical medicine and preclinical research. Our proprietary technology “listens to the sound of light” to produce highly resolved images from the depth of tissues. The main targeted medical needs of TomoWave platform technology include detection and diagnostics of cancer, image guided interventions and monitoring the effectiveness of anticancer therapy and diagnostics imaging of vascular and blood related conditions. A pipeline of innovative optoacoustic and laser ultrasonic imaging technologies based on inventions made by the company founder, Dr. Alexander Oraevsky, pioneer of biomedical optoacoustics and recipient of multiple grants and awards for development of molecular imaging systems and applications. TomoWave Laboratories has the capability to generate intellectual property and develop its IP from idea to validated clinical prototypes and brings these technologies to the market place through regulatory certification.

Vulcur Medtech is a medical device development company based in Vanløse, Denmark, established in 2018. The company specializes in wound healing through its innovative VMT laser technology, which targets chronic wounds that are otherwise difficult to treat. This advanced device utilizes laser pulses that effectively eliminate biofilm-producing bacteria while preserving healthy human cells, promoting the body's natural healing process. By significantly reducing healing time, Vulcur Medtech enhances the quality of life for patients suffering from chronic wounds.

Probiomedica combines engineering, biology, photonics and robotics, and aims to develop innovative devices for the application to health and personal care.

neoLASE GmbH specializes in the development and manufacturing of high-performance diode pumped solid state laser solutions tailored for industrial and scientific applications. Founded in 2007 and based in Hannover, Germany, the company offers a diverse range of products, including pulsed laser systems, laser amplifiers, oscillators, and MOPA lasers, as well as customized laser electronics. Their technology leverages advanced designs such as diode end-pumping, q-switching, and frequency conversion, ensuring high brilliance and precision. neoLASE's modular product concept allows for flexibility in achieving various laser parameters and functionalities, making their solutions suitable for applications like copper welding, thin film processing, and laser micromachining. The company draws on extensive experience from its origins in the laser development department of the Laser Centre Hannover, positioning itself as a competent partner for industries looking to integrate advanced laser technology into their operations.

Lab-on-Fiber GmbH, based in Halle, Germany, specializes in the development and production of advanced medical laser probes and systems aimed at enhancing minimally invasive surgical procedures. The company offers a range of fiber delivery systems, including surgical and urology fiber probes. By providing optimized radiation profiles and real-time temperature monitoring at the probe surface, Lab-on-Fiber's technology helps surgeons reduce operating times, improve treatment outcomes, and enhance patient safety. Their innovative solutions are designed to streamline laser surgery while minimizing potential complications, positioning Lab-on-Fiber as a key player in the medical technology sector.

Hypermemo specializes in advanced glass processing technology through its innovative GLAZER system, which consolidates multiple glass operations into a single tool. This technology allows for cutting, chamfering, smart glass surface treatment, edge deletion, marking, and engraving, all performed on one table without the need for chips, liquids, or abrasive powders. Utilizing a high-frequency gas laser with short pulses, GLAZER enhances glass processing efficiency and precision, offering a competitive edge over traditional mechanical methods. By transforming conventional techniques into a more contactless and environmentally friendly approach, Hypermemo aims to redefine the glass processing industry.

FYLA Laser S.L., established in 2006 and headquartered in Valencia, Spain, specializes in the manufacture of advanced laser technologies. The company produces a range of fiber lasers, including white in-fiber lasers, soft pulse in-fiber lasers, cold pulse in-fiber lasers, and supercontinuum lasers, as well as ultrafast pulsed lasers and accessory modules. These products cater to various industries, with notable applications in materials processing, bio-imaging, and industrial metrology. FYLA aims to lead industry transformation by leveraging photonics to develop new sectors and applications, while focusing on quality and profitability for its clients. The organization emphasizes the importance of technology, skilled personnel, and core values in driving innovation and expanding its client base across life sciences, materials processing, and optical communications.

Deneb Medical is a start-up focused on creating a robotic platform intended for various surgical applications, including neurosurgery, cranio-maxillofacial surgery, head and neck surgery, urology, and general surgery. The company's technology centers around a laser-based robotic surgery system that assists surgeons, particularly in spine surgery, by utilizing optical and photonic techniques for tissue ablation. This innovative system enhances surgical precision and efficiency through features such as three-dimensional visualization and augmented reality guidance, ultimately aiming to facilitate minimally invasive procedures and improve patient outcomes.

GPX Medical AB develops medical technology for diagnostics of medical complications in air-filled areas of the body, such as the lungs, sinuses and the intestines. Formed in 2016 as a subsidiary to GASPOROX AB (publ), with the aim to develop and commercialize medical applications of GASMAS technology. The technology is based on gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS), developed by scientists at the division of Atomic Physics, Lund University. This method allows non-invasive measurement of gases such as oxygen and water vapour inside body cavities, including the lungs and sinuses. The method uses weak diode laser light and is not harmful to the body. The company is located in Lund, Sweden.

HIL Applied Medical is developing a new class of ultra-compact, high-performance accelerators for proton therapy. HIL applies a patented approach to particle acceleration and beam delivery, combining nano-technology with ultra-high-intensity lasers and ultra-fast magnets. These technological breakthroughs enable meaningful reduction in the size, complexity and cost of proton therapy systems, without compromising clinical utility. Thus HIL aims to enable, for the first time, a single-room add-on proton therapy solution that is truly cost-effective. HIL Applied Medical is a privately-held company, backed by VCs and global strategic partners. It is headquartered in the High-Tech Park, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; and have a wholly-owned subsidiary in Reno, Nevada (United States).

Civan Advanced Technologies is a Jerusalem-based high tech Company specializing in the field of high-brightness, high-power diode and fiber lasers and optical amplifiers. Civan’s products line includes Single Mode (SM) lasers with Continuous Wave (CW) power ranging from 10 Watt to 10 KWatt. Civan leverages its proprietary technology and know-how, combined with its in-house manufacturing infrastructure and expertise, to offer a range of high-power lasers available at a variety of wavelengths from 780 nm to 2.2 micron. The high-power, SM operation at custom wavelengths is unique to Civan. Other advantages of Civan’s lasers include high reliability, customization flexibility, energy saving, low cost, low maintenance and high wall-plug efficiency.

Produtech Srl is an Italian company that specializes in metal sheet processing machines. Established in 1993 as a company oriented in designing and creating industrial automation systems, it cooperated with big industrial groups like Brembo S.p.A., ABB-SACE, and also with Milano-Orio al Serio airport. Subsequently, thanks to the experience gained, it started producing metal sheet processing machines, like bending and punching lines. All Produtech lines are extremely flexible and easy to use, and reach great production performances. In particular, all Produtech lines process COIL sheet by means of innovative systems, all of them protected by Produtech international patents. Produtech continuous effort in R&D led to ISEO fiber laser launch onto the market.

Single Quantum is a nanotechnology company that develops the best superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs). Light detectors are crucial components of optical imaging and telecommunication systems. The ultimate photon detector is capable of detecting even an elementary particle of light, a single photon. Its multi-channel detection system has already been chosen by more than 60 academic and industrial labs all over the world to perform complex optical measurements. The unique combination of unparalleled detection efficiency and time resolution makes our superconducting detectors the ideal choice for quantum communication and cryptography, infrared fluorescence spectroscopy, and laser ranging. Established in 2012, Single Quantum has now installed single photon detector systems in the United States, Europe, Canada, United Kingdom, Japan, China, Australia, Israel and South America.

Bird Control Group, based in Delft, the Netherlands, specializes in innovative bird control solutions aimed at reducing pest bird populations in various sectors, including aerospace, agriculture, recreation, and real estate. The company develops fully automated laser bird deterrents that effectively and harmlessly prevent conflicts between birds and human activities. By focusing on long-term sustainability, Bird Control Group addresses health and safety hazards while minimizing environmental impact. Unlike conventional methods that can be inefficient and harmful to animals, their approach integrates commercial activities with the natural environment, promoting safer and more profitable business operations. As the demand for effective bird control grows in a world increasingly concerned with food, energy, and mobility, Bird Control Group provides essential services that enhance operational safety and efficiency.

Alerion specializes in automated intelligent drone solutions for infrastructure maintenance, with a particular emphasis on wind turbine inspections and similar complex environments. The company has developed patented laser navigation and tracking technology, which enables drones to navigate accurately around intricate structures and assess their condition in real-time. This technology supports the inspection of various energy assets and geographically distributed infrastructures, including long networks and pipelines. By providing line inspections, vegetation management services, and comprehensive engineering data collection, Alerion ensures that businesses receive high-quality data for their operational needs.

eMALDI BV is a patented sample preparation technology that transforms the widely used analytical detection method MALDI-MS into a more sensitive up to 100x, robust and faster method. eMALDI solves the critical bottleneck of heterogeneous residue formation in the sample preparation stage. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Specrometry (MALDI-MS) is a widely used technique in analytical chemistry, protein and biomedical research for the identification of organic molecules in general. More recently it has found applications in medical hospitals including identification of bacteria and pathogen infections.

OCTLight is a Danish company founded in 2014 as a spin-out from the Technical University of Denmark. Based at Scion DTU Science and Technology Park in Kgs. Lyngby, the company focuses on developing innovative technologies for medical professionals, specifically in the realm of optical coherence tomography. OCTLight specializes in creating swept laser light sources that provide three-dimensional optical imaging, enabling non-invasive techniques for obtaining cross-sectional images of the eye. This technology aids doctors in diagnosing and treating various eye conditions. The company utilizes advanced facilities, including the DTU Danchip National Center for Micro- and Nanofabrication, to support its high-tech product development. A knowledgeable Board of Directors guides OCTLight, combining expertise in medical technology, investment, and industrialization.

SiriusXT Limited, based in Dublin, Ireland, specializes in the development and manufacturing of a soft x-ray microscope known as the SXT system. Founded in 2015, the company primarily serves researchers in disease research and drug discovery. The microscope employs a vacuum-based laser-produced plasma light source, enabling high-resolution imaging of the 3D internal structure of cells in their native, fully hydrated state. This technology is akin to a CT scan for cells, allowing for detailed visualization without the need for stains or contrast agents. The SXT system is particularly beneficial for disease researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and biotechnologists, as it facilitates the understanding of disease pathways, protein-drug interactions, and bio-engineering processes. As the first high-throughput, bench-top soft x-ray microscope, SiriusXT's system can produce full cell 3D tomographs in a matter of minutes, significantly advancing imaging capabilities in scientific research.

Brighterwave develops visible laser light sources and projectors to VR, AR, and mixed reality, and biomedical imaging applications.

Eagleyard Photonics GmbH is a technology company that engages in the design, development, and manufacture of semiconductor laser diodes with wavelengths ranging from 630 to 1120 nanometers for medical, scientific, and industrial applications. The company offers Multimode Single Mode, Single Frequency Laser Diodes, Tapered Amplfier, and Gain Chips for use in display/imaging systems, medical equipment, measurement/instrumentation, and research applications. It markets its products through a network of distributors in North America, the Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. eagleyard Photonics GmbH was founded in 2002 and is based in Berlin, Germany. As of January 1, 2013, eagleyard Photonics GmbH operates as a subsidiary of Toptica Photonics AG.

Norlase is a developing global ophthalmic medical device company focused on creating innovative laser solutions for the treatment of retinal and glaucoma diseases. The company has introduced advanced ophthalmic laser technologies, including ECHO and LEAF. ECHO is notable for being the world's first truly portable pattern laser, featuring battery power and a wireless user interface with voice control, which enhances its portability and flexibility during treatments. LEAF is an ultra-compact green laser photocoagulator that conveniently attaches to existing slit lamps, thus simplifying laser procedures by eliminating the need for external fibers or extra equipment. Norlase aims to provide affordable access to powerful laser technologies for effective patient care.

JenLab GmbH provides femtosecond laser technology for medicine, biotechnology and cell biology use. Clinical in vivo optical biopsies with subcellular spatial resolution and chemical information based on near infrared femtosecond laser technology can be obtained with the CE marked Multiphoton Tomographs DermaInspect, the SPIE Prism awarded MPTflex and MPTflex CARS.

Ladar Limited specializes in designing and deploying advanced sensor technologies for the maritime and offshore sectors. Its flagship product, the Ladar Sensor Suite, utilizes laser and computer vision technology to provide real-time surveillance of the ocean surface, water column, and seafloor. This system is capable of detecting, characterizing, classifying, and tracking a diverse range of objects, including human activity, ice floes, and debris, which enhances maritime security and safety. By integrating artificial intelligence for data aggregation, the Ladar Sensor Suite offers a comprehensive decision support system available 24/7, facilitating swift and informed decision-making. This innovative solution supports various applications, including offshore operations, environmental monitoring, and plastic cleanup initiatives, thereby contributing to safety, regulatory compliance, and environmental protection in maritime contexts.

Clinical Laserthermia Systems AB is a Swedish company focused on developing and marketing innovative therapies and instruments for the thermal treatment of solid tumors, particularly cancer. The company offers the TRANBERG Thermal Therapy System, which features a laser unit with advanced monitoring capabilities and is designed for heat-induced immunotherapy, specifically the imILT treatment. Its product range includes disposable materials and applicator kits used in image-guided laser ablation. Clinical Laserthermia Systems is also engaged in the development of treatments for various types of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, skin, and prostate cancers. Collaborations with organizations such as Image Guided Therapy SA and MRI Interventions, Inc. aim to enhance the capabilities of their technologies, including software for MR-generated temperature monitoring and navigation for laser ablation in spine and neurosurgery. The company is headquartered in Lund, Sweden, with additional subsidiaries in Berlin and Boston.

Laserpoint is a distribution company specialized in laser power and energy measurement. Laser Point was founded in 1987, as a distribution Company. Over the years it has diversified its activities into other laser related areas. The company employs a highly-skilled staff of physicists, engineers and technicians , all with a solid experience in laser tech-nologies and work in R&D or manufacturing in fields like plasma physics, microelectronics, telecommunication. Export to the major technological or fastest growing markets ( Europe, Japan, China, etc) is the destination of Laser Point’s laser measurement instruments that are marketed in more than 25 Countries by a network of worldwide Distributors. Laser Point’s original fully certified calibration facility and repair center covers all Europe, while the new open center in China supports our Asian Customers.

IRIS develops plasma technology applications to liquid and solid waste treatment. IRIS patent pending solutions improve technical and economic efficiency of small scale - on site treatments enabling no waste or zero carbon footprint processes. The company also develops smart self adaptive solutions for the efficient exploitation of laser processes: cutting, welding, direct metal deposition. The focus is on process set up, characterization and validation vs. performance target and green labeling. Additionally, it supports partner companies in developing applications based on the use of laser and plasma technologies through all project phases: idea definition, fund raising, benchmark, R&D programs, engineering, partners search, exploitation of research results. IRIS specializes in process definition and characterization against performance indicators on production time reduction, cost savings and energy & resource efficiency of next generation Additive Manufacturing machines.

Produtech Srl is an Italian company that specializes in metal sheet processing machines. Established in 1993 as a company oriented in designing and creating industrial automation systems, it cooperated with big industrial groups like Brembo S.p.A., ABB-SACE, and also with Milano-Orio al Serio airport. Subsequently, thanks to the experience gained, it started producing metal sheet processing machines, like bending and punching lines. All Produtech lines are extremely flexible and easy to use, and reach great production performances. In particular, all Produtech lines process COIL sheet by means of innovative systems, all of them protected by Produtech international patents. Produtech continuous effort in R&D led to ISEO fiber laser launch onto the market.

HEE Photonics Labs is a spin-off of the University of Latvia, Institute of Astronomy (part of Association FOTONIKA-LV –www.lu.lv/FOTONIKA-LV). The company was founded in 2007 to commercialize research results as well as to participate in various scientific projects related to space photonics. Some engineers of the staff was involved into everyday service of Satellite Laser Ranging station in Riga. Their lively expertise allows us the development of advanced optical systems for earth observation and high precision universal satellite laser ranging for observation and tracking of unknown flying objects, and laboratory test. The leading scientists of HEE Photonic labs has long term and multidisciplinary experience in development of space and military optical systems since sowiet times. Totally 7 high precision SLR instruments for tracking of unknown space objects has been designed by this team members, produced in Riga and installed in Metseahovi (Finland), Potzdam (Germany), (Ukraine – 4) and Riga (Latvia), as well as about 50 various space-related optical devices over the world.

Fianium is a fiber laser company focused on ultra-fast, high power laser systems. The Company was established in 2003 with the specific goal to challenge the laser market by providing compact, efficient and maintenance-free alternatives to the incumbent gas and solid state lasers.

Laserlam was born to market services related to laser cutting applications. Its service begins with the analysis and development of the customer 's request , to create an economic proposal as precise and competitive as possible , and ends with the delivery of the required product in the agreed time, complete with all the necessary processes and treatments. Its technical office guarantees competence and assistance in solving any problems. The growing demand of the market to shorten delivery times has led them to build a very dynamic production model , organized over several shifts every day and with the availability of more machinery and suppliers for each single processing. Laserlam is a certified company and its products are checked and tested internally before being delivered. It is committed to giving quick answers to all types of requests and it has made quality of service and product as the company's primary objective.

IS-Instruments is a micro-SME company that designs and develops remote sensing instrumentation for clients across Europe that include National Grid, Xstrata, European Space Agency and ABSL Space Products. ISI was set up in early 2010 by it directors Dr Michael Foster and Dr Jonathan Storey with Nicholas Bantin. The directors are world-leading experts in Optical filtering systems and in Laser-enhanced remote sensing instrumentation, as well as Photon Counting Techniques and High-precision interferometry. Together the directors have developed a number of instruments in the field including the Solar Swedish Telescope CRISP instrument. The core business model of the company is to provide for our clients new innovative solutions typically requiring laser based remote sensing instrumentation in difficult environments targeted at the specific problem. The company provides an end to end solution developing instruments from an initial simulated concept through to bench top instrument development and then to the manufacture of a complete instrument. The company has a range of optical, mechanical and electrical design tools including CAD and ray tracing facilities. In addition the company has a fully equipped optical lab and dark room for testing new instrumentation.

ML Engraving is the leader in 3D laser texturing on molds. Based in Italy, ML Engraving has developed the laser engraving technology in order to enhance the quality of superficial textures on plastic/rubber products. Laser texturing is the best solution to create exclusive and outstanding finishes that increase the value of the final product for the Customer. The R&D Dept of ML Engraving has set up a digital process called D.R.E°- Design Rendering Engineering, a complex process that includes Reverse Engineering and Mapping and that allows to create a digital preview of the texture on the CAD file of the object. By means of the D.R.E° and the laser engraving technology, ML Engraving ensures the best results in terms of quality, accuracy, and correspondence to the customer's request. Laser technology is extremely flexible so that ML Engraving works for different industries: from consumer goods to footwear, from packaging to automotive, etc. Furthermore, laser texturing is a sustainable process. The choice of the laser technology reflects the commitment of the Italian Company to take care of the environment.

Plasma System S.A. is a technological company based in Siemianowice Slaskie, Poland, specializing in surface engineering and laser technology. Founded in 2004, it provides a range of protective coating services designed to enhance the durability of components in various industries. Key offerings include Highresist coatings for power boiler walls, Plasmadur for erosion protection in fluidized bed boilers, and Protector coatings for water heaters and steam superheaters. The company also develops Inconel 625 coatings for low-temperature applications, multi-layer W/Zr-DLC coatings for tungsten and zirconium, and Krystaldur coatings for industrial crystallizers. In addition to coating services, Plasma System offers thermal spray services, various welding techniques, and refurbishment of old machine parts. Its clientele spans sectors such as power generation, metallurgy, mining, rail transport, and machinery, reflecting its broad industrial impact.

VI Systems develops and markets optical components and modules, transmission products, and integrated driver circuits and amplifiers. The company offers transmission products, which are based on 850nm and 1310nm wavelength vertical emitting cavity surface laser and photodetector for 790-870nm and 1100-1350nm wavelength, transmitter optical subassemblies (TOSA) and receiver optical subassemblies (ROSA) modules. It also provides integrated driver circuits and amplifiers for up to 40 Gbit/s single channel data transmission. The company primarily offers its transmission and regeneration products to systems and components vendors, as well as to customers in data communications, military, and aerospace industries and consumer electronics. It sells its products and services directly, as well as through international sales representatives and resellers primarily in the United States, Japan, Europe, and China. The company was founded in 2006 and is headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

Norlase is a developing global ophthalmic medical device company focused on creating innovative laser solutions for the treatment of retinal and glaucoma diseases. The company has introduced advanced ophthalmic laser technologies, including ECHO and LEAF. ECHO is notable for being the world's first truly portable pattern laser, featuring battery power and a wireless user interface with voice control, which enhances its portability and flexibility during treatments. LEAF is an ultra-compact green laser photocoagulator that conveniently attaches to existing slit lamps, thus simplifying laser procedures by eliminating the need for external fibers or extra equipment. Norlase aims to provide affordable access to powerful laser technologies for effective patient care.

Eblana Photonics Ltd. designs and manufactures laser diode products for various industries, including space, medical, sensor, and fiber-optic communications. Established in 2000 and based in Dun Laoghaire, Ireland, Eblana also has offices in several countries, including France, Germany, the United States, Japan, China, and Taiwan. The company emerged from advanced research collaborations with leading Irish universities, such as Trinity College Dublin and the National Microelectronics Research Centre. Founded by Dr. James O’Gorman and Prof. John Hegarty, who have extensive backgrounds in laser research, Eblana aims to commercialize scalable laser manufacturing technology. This technology enables the production of high-performance, single-wavelength lasers at reduced costs, serving diverse mass market applications in broadband, access, and enterprise markets, as well as optical sensing and metrology. Additionally, Eblana offers research and development services on a contract basis.

ML Engraving is the leader in 3D laser texturing on molds. Based in Italy, ML Engraving has developed the laser engraving technology in order to enhance the quality of superficial textures on plastic/rubber products. Laser texturing is the best solution to create exclusive and outstanding finishes that increase the value of the final product for the Customer. The R&D Dept of ML Engraving has set up a digital process called D.R.E°- Design Rendering Engineering, a complex process that includes Reverse Engineering and Mapping and that allows to create a digital preview of the texture on the CAD file of the object. By means of the D.R.E° and the laser engraving technology, ML Engraving ensures the best results in terms of quality, accuracy, and correspondence to the customer's request. Laser technology is extremely flexible so that ML Engraving works for different industries: from consumer goods to footwear, from packaging to automotive, etc. Furthermore, laser texturing is a sustainable process. The choice of the laser technology reflects the commitment of the Italian Company to take care of the environment.

Pilot Photonics Ltd. is a company based in Dublin, Ireland, that specializes in the development of optical wavelength comb source units for the optical telecommunication research and development market. Established in 2011, the company focuses on creating and licensing advanced comb source laser technology, which has been implemented as Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs). Their products include prototypes, reference designs, and technology licenses for various module and subsystem applications. The technology is utilized in optical arbitrary waveform generation, photonic microwave signal generation, and optical signal processing, as well as in multi-carrier transmission techniques. Pilot Photonics also manufactures single-chip photonic integrated circuits that enable the generation and manipulation of light waves with high precision, supporting sectors such as communications, energy, and aerospace.