MassChallenge

Developer of electric mobility alternatives for businesses, intended to offer a modular utility system for vehicles and an electric bike that generates earnings. The company also provides low-cost charging points for home or business locations, enabling clients to scale the drive train without significant changes to tooling or fixtures.

Natrion LLC specializes in the design and manufacture of sodium-ion batteries, focusing on large-scale energy storage solutions for renewable energy applications. Founded in 2017, the company is headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut, and aims to enhance the efficiency of renewable energy generation by providing energy storage systems that leverage solar and wind power. Natrion's ceramic solid-electrolyte batteries are engineered to support power deployment for various sectors, making solar energy more accessible and cost-effective for residential, agricultural, and military uses.

DeepCharge, Inc. specializes in wireless charging solutions for both businesses and individuals. Founded in 2018 and based in Needham, Massachusetts, the company designs and develops systems that integrate electromagnetic coils beneath surfaces, transforming them into wireless chargers capable of powering various electronic devices such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets. Utilizing artificial intelligence, DeepCharge's technology is energy-efficient and can detect a wide range of electronic devices, intelligently delivering sufficient power to charge them regardless of their placement on the surface or even when in contactless air charging mode.

Munevo GmbH, founded in 2011 and based in Nuremberg, Germany, specializes in developing innovative smart glass technology aimed at enhancing mobility for individuals with disabilities. The company’s flagship product, munevo DRIVE, is a Smartglass application that allows users to control electric wheelchairs through head movements, translating these motions into digital signals for hands-free operation. This technology enables users to navigate both indoor and outdoor environments independently. In addition to the software, Munevo also provides various adaptors and accessories to complement its solutions, further supporting individuals with mobility impairments in achieving greater autonomy.

Electra Vehicles, Inc. specializes in advanced battery design and control software aimed at enhancing energy storage performance for electric vehicles. Established in 2015 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, the company offers EnPower, a web-based application that aids in selecting the most suitable battery cell model for specific electric vehicle applications. Following the design phase, Electra provides the EVE.Ai control algorithms, which utilize artificial intelligence to optimize battery pack performance, improving aspects such as range, efficiency, longevity, and safety through ongoing software updates. By focusing on optimizing existing battery technologies rather than developing new chemistries, Electra Vehicles aims to accelerate sustainable electrification in the automotive sector.

Operator of electric delivery vehicles platform intended for last-mile delivery. The company's platform offers vehicles with a large cargo capacity, regenerative braking, and an IoT system for data generation and route planning, enabling e-commerce businesses to deliver more efficiently and cost-effectively.

We deliver a seamless EV charging experience with comfort, confidence and simplicity.

A privately-funded surface transportation network with the convenience, capacity, and cost to replace buses, trains, cars, trucks, and short flights.

Munevo GmbH, founded in 2011 and based in Nuremberg, Germany, specializes in developing innovative smart glass technology aimed at enhancing mobility for individuals with disabilities. The company’s flagship product, munevo DRIVE, is a Smartglass application that allows users to control electric wheelchairs through head movements, translating these motions into digital signals for hands-free operation. This technology enables users to navigate both indoor and outdoor environments independently. In addition to the software, Munevo also provides various adaptors and accessories to complement its solutions, further supporting individuals with mobility impairments in achieving greater autonomy.

Urban Connect is a corporate mobility platform offering company employees access to a fleet of low-carbon, shared vehicles like e-bikes, bikes, e-scooters and e-cars. The offering is structured as a mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) solution. The company services large blue chip clients like Roche, Avaloq, Hilti, Sonova or Zurich Insurance. The team is composed of a number of people from different nationalities & backgrounds, all with the common goal of helping companies reduce their carbon and space footprints.

Building CLIP, a portable consumer device that can be easily attached to any bike to instantly upgrade it into an electric bike. Our mission is to disrupt e-bikes by developing augmentation tech that can be easily “clipped” on to regular bicycles to make biking effortless & safer, at a fraction of the technical and operational complexity of building, distributing and selling an e-bike.

Exomotion SA, founded in 2018 and based in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland, specializes in the development of innovative personal mobility devices. The company's focus is on robotics-based transporter systems that facilitate omnidirectional movement. Exomotion's electronic movement devices integrate advanced electrical boards with motion sensors and a unique wheeled mechanism, allowing for seamless movement in any direction and immediate rotation. This design aims to enhance user experience by rethinking e-mobility, prioritizing both omnidirectionality and safety in its solutions.

CO2 Free Truck develops a device to capture the CO2 emitted by diesel engines. It can be installed on heavy trucks, light trucks, ships, or trains. The CO2 is transformed into liquid CO2 and stored on vehicles and can then either be sold on the CO2 market or can be utilized as a carbon source for producing green fuel (methane or liquid fuels) by combining it with hydrogen produced from renewable energy resources.

TexPower commercializes cobalt-free, high-capacity, drop-in cathode materials for lithium-based batteries. It focuses on producing cathode materials and leverage expertise from the battery industry for manufacturing customized lithium-ion batteries for a variety of end-users. They commercialize cathodes that can replace commercial battery cathodes and can be deployed in portable electronics, electric vehicles, drones, robots, and more. It is comprised of metals such as nickel, manganese, aluminum, iron, zinc, and more and are synthesized through standard industrial manufacturing processes. This synthesis route is used for producing mainstream cathode materials for electric vehicles across the world, namely, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (NCA). Their products also offer a value proposition that enables at least 10% higher energy density, 25% lower raw material costs, increased sustainability, and a secure and benign battery supply chain. TexPower’s cobalt-free cathodes offer security benefits for the military battery applications. Wangda Li, Arumugam Manthiram, and Evan Erickson founded the company in 2019 in Austin, Texas.

C2C-NewCap seeks to provide next-generation devices for storing electrical energy and aims to deliver high efficiency energy solutions. Charge2CNewCap was founded in 2014 by Rui Silva and Andre Mao de Ferro and is based in Lisbon.

ElecTrip is a travel services platform that provides eco-friendly transportation solutions throughout Texas using low operating cost electric vehicles. The company offers a seamless door-to-door travel experience with professional drivers operating Tesla Model X vehicles, which are equipped with Wi-Fi and laptop charging capabilities. This service caters to groups of up to five passengers, allowing them to work during their journey. ElecTrip's custom pick-up options significantly reduce travel times compared to traditional air travel, saving clients approximately 30 minutes in major Texas cities. Starting at $250, the service emphasizes comfort, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency, making it a competitive alternative for business and leisure travelers alike.

Developer of a fuel cost and CO2 emission forecasting platform designed to help drivers spend less fuel. The company's platform allows for the collection of unstructured data to build an accurate digital representation of a truck, how much fuel it spends, and how it accelerates or brakes, and also offers driver training and onboarding, to manage driver workflow and connects with the supply chain, enabling clients to boost profitability and scale operations.

Nevomo, a company founded in 2017 and based in Warsaw, Poland, specializes in developing advanced High-Speed Railways (HSR) utilizing magnetic levitation, linear motor technology, and autonomous control systems. It is recognized as the only firm globally focused on gradually introducing Hyperloop-inspired solutions to enhance the railway sector. Nevomo's patented magrail technology enables the modernization of existing conventional railway lines, allowing speeds of up to 300 kph (186 mph) on standard lines and 415 kph (258 mph) on HSR. This system maintains the operational capabilities of traditional railways, enabling operators to utilize existing rolling stock. The magrail system can further evolve into a vacuum version, known as hyperrail, which could achieve speeds of 600 kph (373 mph) and eventually transition into hyperloop technology with speeds reaching 1200 kph (746 mph). The estimated capital expenditure for retrofitting lines to the magrail standard is comparable to building new highways, while offering significantly lower energy and maintenance costs than current HSR systems. The company has established partnerships with firms such as TME Transfer Multisort Electronics and Microsoft, and has a strong R&D team led by notable experts in the field.

Blackburn Energy, Inc. specializes in renewable electric power solutions for the commercial trucking industry through its product, RelGen. This innovative technology captures kinetic energy from the driveshaft of long-haul trucks and converts it into electricity via a custom alternator. The generated power is stored in a battery array, enabling it to be used for various truck subsystems such as liftgates, electric auxiliary power units (APUs), and sensors for driver-assist and autonomous driving features. By reducing the reliance on engine idling, Blackburn Energy's solution not only lowers fuel and maintenance costs but also enhances operational efficiency and profitability for fleet operators. The technology has been validated by research from the University of Massachusetts Lowell, demonstrating significant fuel savings and substantial reductions in carbon emissions. Founded in 2008, Blackburn Energy is headquartered in Amesbury, Massachusetts.

Swistor develops high energy and ultra fast-charging battery replacements, which will allow charging devices in under 2 minutes, an extended battery lifetime while using environmentally friendly and safe materials. Swistor is targetting the main mobile phone providers and the emerging market of self-powered IoT devices.

HiLyte Sàrl, founded in 2017 and based in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, specializes in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly batteries. The company has developed an iron battery that can charge devices such as phones and light-emitting diodes. These batteries are charged using solar energy through solar kiosks, providing a sustainable energy solution for rural communities. This innovative approach enables individuals to illuminate their homes while utilizing clean energy sources, contributing to both energy access and environmental sustainability.

goUrban e-Mobility GmbH, founded in 2018 and based in Vienna, Austria, offers a comprehensive platform for renting e-scooters through a mobile app available on iOS and Android. The company's innovative operating system supports various mobility solutions, including car, scooter, and moped sharing systems. By utilizing its cloud-based software, goUrban provides operators with a centralized dashboard to monitor their operations, a user app for seamless travel access, and a service app for maintenance personnel. The company aims to optimize operations, reduce unnecessary costs, and increase revenue for mobility operators across three continents, drawing on its own experiences in the industry. With a commitment to adapting to the evolving mobility landscape, goUrban is dedicated to enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of urban transportation.

Your electric car, one month at a time, one monthly fee. On.to

Kinetic Batteries is a pioneering company in the field of battery production, known for its patented scalable additive manufacturing technology. This innovative dry spray process enables the consolidation of active materials and metal binder powders into lithium-ion battery electrodes without the need for solvent drying or calendaring. By integrating this technology into existing roll-to-roll manufacturing lines or employing true 3D printing methods, Kinetic Batteries not only enhances manufacturing flexibility but also significantly reduces production costs and environmental impact. The company's advancements aim to lower the price of batteries from $250 per kilowatt-hour to below $100, making lithium-ion systems competitive with traditional energy delivery methods. Additionally, their approach allows for the creation of conformable batteries that can be utilized as structural components, optimizing space and enabling highly customized electrochemical performance. As a result, Kinetic Batteries is positioned to accelerate the adoption of energy storage solutions in the market.

Flux Marine specializes in developing electric marine propulsion systems designed to enhance performance while minimizing environmental impact. The company focuses on creating electric boat motors that utilize solid-state components to achieve zero emissions, thereby reducing pollution in marine environments. By prioritizing efficiency and sustainability, Flux Marine's motors not only enhance transport capabilities but also significantly lower noise and air pollution. Additionally, these propulsion systems are virtually maintenance-free, contributing to a reduced carbon footprint and promoting cleaner practices within the marine industry.

Manufacturer of bicycle and cycling apparel intended to provide an eco-friendly way of traveling. The company manufactures a type of electric and cargo cycle and also provides other accessories required while cycling, enabling customers to buy bicycles that keep them healthy and fit.

Operator of a mobile vehicle service center intended to provide doorstep services. The company's mobile service van offers two-wheeler servicing which includes washing, cleaning, clutch, break-chain setting, spark plug and air filter cleaning, oiling, battery, tire pressure and lights checking, oil change, and a lot more, providing customers with hassle-free experience at low cost.

RouteValet designs a planner of routes that combines all options of transportation available to get users to their destinations. Its goal is to license its technology to transportation companies and create a mobility marketplace. It has won the MassChallenge, as well as international competitions sponsored by Ford and GE. The Israel Innovation Authority has reviewed and twice funded Its multimodal algorithms. RouteValet completed a paid POC in Japan, where it saved commuters one hour per day on average as of January 2019. It also increased satisfaction of users with their modes of transit by an average of 26%.

Make My Day is a Tel Aviv-based company that specializes in a driving assistance app designed for electric vehicles. The app enhances the driving experience by optimizing routes and connecting drivers with their vehicles, allowing for multitasking while driving. Additionally, it offers a comprehensive solution for daily needs by linking drivers to various business providers. The platform is particularly beneficial for electric vehicle fleets, providing managed services that include smart route planning and charging management. This enables companies and fleet operators to reduce costs and make informed decisions regarding their electric vehicle operations.

Meredot is a Ukrainian company founded in 2018 that specializes in wireless charging systems for various devices, including mobile phones, laptops, earphones, speakers, and automobiles. The company has developed innovative products such as MeOutlet, a power outlet system that operates without electrical contact, and MePower, a cable-free charging device that can charge multiple devices simultaneously. In addition to consumer electronics, Meredot is advancing micro-mobility solutions by creating next-generation electric fueling stations designed for e-scooters. Utilizing radio frequency-based technology, these stations enable wireless over-the-air charging, helping scooter operators maintain fully charged batteries, optimize fleet management, and reduce operational costs associated with battery collection and recharging.

Wheels is the social network of Sustainable Mobility that allows you to share trips in private vehicles, taxi services or bicycle plans, to go to the university, work, home or wherever you want.

Urbvan is an app-based mass transit mobility network that focuses on improving inner-city commuting in Latin America. Founded in 2016, the company provides a daily commute transportation system that emphasizes safety, comfort, and efficiency. Urbvan operates a network of express routes with no intermediary stops, offering strategically selected pickup and drop-off locations. Users benefit from professional chauffeurs, comfortable seating, Wi-Fi access, and charging ports for electronic devices, all designed to enhance their commuting experience. By leveraging technology, Urbvan aims to minimize travel times and streamline daily routines for its users.

Lithio Storage specializes in the development of advanced lithium metal batteries that utilize a patented gel electrolyte. This innovative design enhances battery performance by significantly increasing energy density, allowing for batteries that can last up to three times longer than traditional options. The company's batteries are characterized by their safety, mechanical robustness, and adaptability, making them suitable for a variety of applications. By focusing on high voltage stability and improved longevity, Lithio Storage aims to provide clients with safer and more efficient energy solutions.

Vostok is a company focused on providing electric mobility solutions aimed at making affordable and sustainable transportation accessible to consumers. By collaborating with industry partners, Vostok designs products that facilitate the transition to electric technology without compromising convenience. Their flagship product, the Vostok 1500, is an urban electric scooter tailored for both delivery services and individual users. This scooter features a removable battery that is lighter than conventional options and can be charged at home or in the office, promoting easy access to environmentally friendly transportation. Vostok's approach emphasizes cost-effectiveness and practicality, ensuring that users can adopt electric mobility solutions without incurring significant additional expenses.

NrgStorEdge Ltd is a start-up, based on patented energy storage technology for safe and inexpensive use in zero-emission hydrogen-powered vehicles. NrgStorEdge is located in the Hi-Tech Village of Jerusalem, Israel. They are approved and financially supported by the Israeli Government and Jerusalem Development Authority.

ParkWise is an innovative company focused on addressing the challenges of street parking for drivers and autonomous vehicles. Their Intelligent Parking Platform connects users and vehicles with parking infrastructure, facilitating automatic data exchange to enhance the parking experience. By employing artificial intelligence and machine learning, ParkWise provides real-time information on parking availability, predictions, and relevant regulations. The platform is designed to optimize user behavior and improve overall parking efficiency, making the process more convenient and enjoyable. With a dedicated team of engineers and data scientists, ParkWise leverages extensive experience in Intelligent Traffic Management Systems to deliver effective parking solutions.

Founded in 2015, based on a technology out of Professor Wang's group at WPI, Battery Resourcers, is committed to changing the dynamics for processing end of life lithium ion batteries. Currently most lithium ion batteries are landfilled. If they are recycled only the metal value from the batteries is recovered. Battery Resourcers proprietary process allows one to directly synthesize new cathode materials from spent lithium ion cells. Battery Resourcers will be able to deliver low cost cathode materials to the lithium ion battery market enabling green technologies and resulting in less landfilled material a more sustainable pathway forward.

eMovements GmbH, established in 2015 and headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, specializes in electric mobility solutions, including electric vehicles and eBikes, as well as electric rollators designed for senior citizens. The company focuses on developing technologies that enhance mobility by prioritizing security and comfort. Its electric rollators incorporate features such as anti-theft mechanisms, location tracking, lighting, automatic braking systems, and speed adjustment, ensuring safe and convenient travel for users. eMovements also maintains additional offices in Düsseldorf and Berlin, further supporting its commitment to promoting electric mobility.

Electra Vehicles, Inc. specializes in advanced battery design and control software aimed at enhancing energy storage performance for electric vehicles. Established in 2015 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, the company offers EnPower, a web-based application that aids in selecting the most suitable battery cell model for specific electric vehicle applications. Following the design phase, Electra provides the EVE.Ai control algorithms, which utilize artificial intelligence to optimize battery pack performance, improving aspects such as range, efficiency, longevity, and safety through ongoing software updates. By focusing on optimizing existing battery technologies rather than developing new chemistries, Electra Vehicles aims to accelerate sustainable electrification in the automotive sector.

City Transformer is an automotive technology company focused on creating innovative solutions for urban mobility. The company has developed an electric city vehicle featuring a patented folding mechanism that allows the car to narrow to just one meter in width. This unique design enables drivers to easily navigate tight traffic and park in spaces typically reserved for motorcycles, significantly enhancing urban parking convenience. The vehicle combines advanced technology, including smart sensors, while prioritizing safety and an improved driving experience. By adapting the car's dimensions and driving behavior, City Transformer addresses the challenges of conventional passenger vehicles, making urban commuting more efficient and accessible.

Dash Electric Inc, based in Boston, Massachusetts, specializes in manufacturing electric longboards. The company offers a unique product that allows users to convert traditional longboards into powered versions by utilizing the existing four bolts in their setup. This innovative approach enables riders to easily navigate various terrains, including hills and urban environments, making electric transportation accessible and affordable for a wide range of users. Dash Electric focuses on enhancing the commuting experience and promoting eco-friendly transportation options.

Energy Harvesters LLC is commercializing a personal electronics mobile power source called the Walking Charger The Walking Charger allows users to charge the batteries in their mobile electronics devices anytime, anywhere just by walking.

Hyliion Holdings Corp. designs, develops, and sells electrified powertrain solutions for the commercial transportation industry. It provides battery management systems for hybrid and fully electric vehicle applications. The company was founded in 2018 and is based in Cedar Park, Texas.

Blackburn Energy, Inc. specializes in renewable electric power solutions for the commercial trucking industry through its product, RelGen. This innovative technology captures kinetic energy from the driveshaft of long-haul trucks and converts it into electricity via a custom alternator. The generated power is stored in a battery array, enabling it to be used for various truck subsystems such as liftgates, electric auxiliary power units (APUs), and sensors for driver-assist and autonomous driving features. By reducing the reliance on engine idling, Blackburn Energy's solution not only lowers fuel and maintenance costs but also enhances operational efficiency and profitability for fleet operators. The technology has been validated by research from the University of Massachusetts Lowell, demonstrating significant fuel savings and substantial reductions in carbon emissions. Founded in 2008, Blackburn Energy is headquartered in Amesbury, Massachusetts.

H2Only Battery specializes in water-activated devices that provide reliable electricity in emergencies and low-light situations. The company has developed rechargeable battery-powered products that generate electricity using water or other liquids, enabling them to be reactivated multiple times regardless of location. This innovative approach offers customers a range of affordable, portable power solutions in various sizes and shapes, ensuring peace of mind during times of need.

Eve Technologies specializes in designing and implementing solutions that increase the kilometers per liter of the fleets. They are a team that shares the desire to contribute positive change factors to their context and they concentrate on materializing the solutions that generate profit for all materially, intellectually, socially and emotionally.

Evaptainers, LLC, founded in 2014 and headquartered in Somerville, Massachusetts, specializes in manufacturing mobile refrigeration units that operate without electricity. Originating from a Massachusetts Institute of Technology class focused on improving global living conditions, the company has developed innovative modular refrigeration systems that utilize evaporative cooling technology. This method is less energy-intensive than traditional refrigeration and effectively extends the shelf life of agricultural products, potentially tripling or quadrupling their longevity. The units are designed for use along the agricultural supply chain, allowing farmers in developing countries to preserve perishable goods using only sunlight and water. With a focus on modern materials and improved design, Evaptainers has created durable and user-friendly devices that are patent pending and currently unmatched in the marketplace.

Energy Intelligence, Inc. is a company based in Buffalo, New York, focused on developing innovative technology that harnesses clean energy from the motion of vehicles in high-traffic areas. Founded in 2014, it has created a patented road-mounted energy generation system that captures waste energy from braking vehicles to produce affordable electricity on-site. This technology is designed for various applications, including parking facilities, transportation depots, highways, and airports, where vehicles naturally slow down. By utilizing embedded hydraulic channels in its compact system, Energy Intelligence generates electricity that can power local equipment, offering cost efficiency with projected levelized costs of 7 cents per kWh and a payback period of 2 to 3 years for initial capital investments. The company's approach addresses a significant opportunity for clean energy generation in urban settings, contributing to sustainability efforts while reducing electricity expenses for commercial sites.

EnerLeap is a patented, new lithium ion battery technology. In today's lithium ion batteries, the powder binders break down quickly, stunt performance and jeopardize safety. EnerLeap replaces these inefficient binders with a rigid 2D titanium silicide nanonet. The result is a lighter weight, faster charging, longer lasting and safer battery. We have lab scale prototypes and are currently planning to enter the $12B global lithium ion market through the consumer electronic space.

Jaze turns every car into a smart car with a free, easy-to-install device for your vehicle and a Bluetooth-enabled mobile app, which together provides instant crash responding and real-time automotive diagnostics for all cars built in North America and Europe since 1996. They hope to reduce vehicular crash response time by 50% and help eliminate friction between driver and mechanic in the $500B automotive service, repair and after market auto parts industry. Jaze is a free mobile app that makes your car smarter, safer and more affordable to drive.

Zagster Inc. is a transportation provider based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in the design, construction, and operation of bike-sharing programs for a variety of clients across North America. The company partners with property managers, universities, hotels, corporate campuses, and small cities to deliver tailored bike-sharing solutions for tenants, employees, guests, and residents. Zagster's offerings include a mobile application that allows users to unlock, ride, and return bikes, as well as a comprehensive micro-mobility operations platform for e-mobility providers. Additionally, the company provides essential maintenance and rider support services, ensuring a seamless experience for users. Founded in 2007, Zagster was previously known as CityRyde LLC.

Electric Pipeline Corporation has invented and is developing polymer insulated electric pipelines "elpipes" for transmission of 3-30 GW through a pair of underground HVDC lines. Elpipes fit inside a pipeline that is similar to a gas pipeline, or they may be installed at the surface on conventional or narrow gauge railroad tracks. The train like features of elpipes make them convenient to install and convenient to repair.

Clean Energy Innovations develops and markets a proprietary process capable of delivering an increase of at least 25% in the energy extracted from a battery during one discharge cycle. The CEI process promises to be a critical factor in the growth of rechargeable batteries which is expected to be a $50 billion market by 2015. Despite large R & D investment in the industry, the rate of performance improvement is relatively slow. Dramatic improvements in cost, performance, or weight of rechargeable batteries will add high value to the end products where they are used. The CEI reproducible laboratory test results of its patent pending process, IPS™ (Interfacial Process Stimulation), demonstrate its claims for significant performance improvements in both Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium Ion batteries. The process will work with any type of rechargeable battery. The IPS™ process can be readily integrated into existing control systems, by adding a simple low cost logic component into the battery power management modules. This means there is a minimal amount of incremental development and incremental bill-of-material cost. This is a disruptive technology which brings immediate performance results that match the more costly industry developments underway in battery chemistries and controls. Through the implementation of software-driven advances in the operating system of the battery, IPS™ achieves clear improvements, but is also compatible and synergistic with these R & D efforts. Key is that CEI’s process has been shown to be far more cost effective - it achieves the same results with a lower investment by at least four orders of magnitude. CEI seeks partnership arrangements with market leaders where IPS™ will be a major driver to advances within important industry sectors such as mobile devices, electric vehicles and storage for renewable energy installations. CEI has a passion for solutions that support the major global objectives for environmental health and security, energy independence, and economic growth. CEI believes that IPS™ will have a major impact on these important objectives.